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Hungary’s subway trains: a case study of Russian active measures against municipalities

This report analysis a case study of Russian active measures against municipalities in Hungary. The Hungarian government seeks good relations with authoritarian regimes by pushing for their interests in the West, mainly to have its hybrid regime legitimized or even financed by these actors. The Orbán cabinet seeks to ensure good relations with Russia, among other authoritarian states, by representing their interests at the European level; e.g. by arguing against anti-Russia sanctions, using common pro-Kremlin narratives. Moreover, they facilitate the advancement of Russian economic interests in Hungary as well, for instance by offering public contracts to Russian firms.