{"id":39152,"date":"2025-03-11T12:06:51","date_gmt":"2025-03-11T10:06:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/?p=39152"},"modified":"2025-03-13T13:23:56","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T11:23:56","slug":"stop-the-steal-pro-and-anti-yoon-demonstrations-in-south-korea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/stop-the-steal-pro-and-anti-yoon-demonstrations-in-south-korea\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cStop the Steal\u201d? Pro- and Anti-Yoon Demonstrations in South Korea"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"39152\" class=\"elementor elementor-39152\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-415e5458 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"415e5458\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48789c82\" data-id=\"48789c82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79d92e4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79d92e4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Photo by: Marcin Jerzewski, European Values<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43ca220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43ca220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-element-43ca220{display:none !important}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d947a06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d947a06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37626413\" data-id=\"37626413\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-26a89278 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26a89278\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-no-translation=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e40b5d5\" data-id=\"3e40b5d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642ae899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"642ae899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>What is happening?<\/h2><p>As <strong>South Koreans await the Constitutional Court\u2019s verdict <\/strong>on whether to uphold or overturn the National Assembly\u2019s December 2024 decision to <strong>impeach President Yoon Suk Yeol<\/strong>, the divided nation boldly takes to the streets to express its divergent sentiments. On <strong>March 1<\/strong>, which witnessed the 106th anniversary of pro-independence protests challenging the Japanese colonial rule, <strong>Seoul saw <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/did:plc:6etk3wvsqafnkqnlkhcptkg7\/post\/3ljccbpl7rs2k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>massive pro- and anti-impeachment rallies<\/strong><\/a> that mobilized over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chosun.com\/english\/national-en\/2025\/03\/03\/PXUQ5BMDUJDI3K57PIG372IFGA\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">130 thousand participants<\/a>. While crowds on Independence Movement Day were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-03-01\/south-koreans-to-rally-as-yoon-s-impeachment-verdict-nears?embedded-checkout=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some of the largest <\/a>since parliamentarians voted to impeach the contentious president, ACLED \u2013 an independent international nonprofit organization collecting data on protests worldwide \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/2025\/03\/05\/qa-who-are-the-pro-and-anti-yoon-groups-leading-demonstrations-in-south-korea\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has recorded<\/a> over <strong>750 anti-Yoon protests and around 200 pro-Yoon protests <\/strong>since he <strong>declared martial law in December 2024<\/strong>. This large-scale mobilization of the electorate of both conservative and progressive parties points to <strong>growing polarization<\/strong> of the South Korean society and an increasingly volatile political landscape.<\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2>What is the broader picture?<\/h2><p>The Republic of Korea now stands at a critical juncture as it debates <strong>whether to impeach Yoon Suk Yeol<\/strong>, its conservative president. On December 3, 2024, Yoon sent shockwaves across the nation as he <a href=\"https:\/\/koreajoongangdaily.joins.com\/news\/2024-12-04\/national\/politics\/Transcript-President-Yoon-Suk-Yeols-speech-to-declare-emergency-martial-law-\/2191990?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>declared martial law<\/strong><\/a> to \u201c<strong>immediately eradicate the unscrupulous pro-Pyongyang antistate forces<\/strong>\u201d and safeguard his country\u2019s \u201c<strong>free constitutional order<\/strong>\u201d from internal and external threats. While the National Assembly officially withdrew the short-lived declaration within six hours, South Korean politics have remained unstable as on December 14, <strong>the legislature passed the motion to impeach him 204-85<\/strong>. The submission <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/south-korea-martial-law-yoon-impeach-6432768aafc8b55be26215667e3c19d0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alleged<\/a> that Yoon \u201c<strong>committed rebellion that hurt peace in the Republic of Korea<\/strong> by staging a series of riots.\u201d<\/p><p>Now, the nation&#8217;s <strong>Constitutional Court has 180 days to render a judgment<\/strong> on whether to uphold or overturn the legislature&#8217;s decision to impeach Yoon, with the verdict <a href=\"https:\/\/english.hani.co.kr\/arti\/english_edition\/e_national\/1185479.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected by mid-March<\/a>. A<strong> new presidential election<\/strong> would be held<strong> within 60 days<\/strong> if Yoon is removed.<\/p><p>On the one hand,<strong> high levels of political mobilization<\/strong> and <strong>participation<\/strong> in protests can be viewed as a sign of <strong>resilience of Korean democracy<\/strong>. The Republic of Korea is classified as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ned.org\/docs\/Samuel-P-Huntington-Democracy-Third-Wave.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>third-wave democracy<\/strong><\/a>\u2013similar to many Central Eastern European countries, such as Czechia, and others in East Asia, including Taiwan and the Philippines. As many South Koreans still <strong>remember the military-authoritarian rule<\/strong> that asphyxiated its citizens until 1988, the mass protests against Yoon\u2019s overreach are sending two clear messages: There is <strong>no going back to military dictatorship<\/strong>, and <strong>politicians need to remain accountable<\/strong> to their constituency. ACLED data also <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/2025\/03\/05\/qa-who-are-the-pro-and-anti-yoon-groups-leading-demonstrations-in-south-korea\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">demonstrates<\/a> <strong>high levels of mobilization across the territory of South Korea<\/strong>, demonstrating that the ongoing political crisis is not merely a concern for the capital elites but rather an issue of national importance.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>On the other hand, the tensions over Yoon\u2019s future as the president of South Korea take place in the context of growing <strong>political polarization<\/strong>. One reason for the growing divisions in society and the increasingly antagonistic stance between the two camps is the country\u2019s <strong>two-party system,<\/strong> dominated by <strong>the conservative People Power Party (PPP)<\/strong> and <strong>the liberal Democratic Party of Korea (DPK)<\/strong>. The dynamics within South Korea\u2019s party system drive <strong>the shift away from programmatic policies towards personalistic politics<\/strong>. The antagonism between the two camps reached an apex following the April 2024 parliamentary elections, which allowed the DPK to retain a majority in the National Assembly. In particular, significant budgetary cuts proposed by the National Assembly exacerbated tensions between the executive and legislative branches \u2013 as Juan Linz <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/225694\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argued<\/a>, one of the key \u201c<strong>perils of presidentialism<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p><p>The political mobilization patterns ahead of the Supreme Court\u2019s impeachment verdict also demonstrate how polarized South Korea has become. On March 1st, competing pro- and anti-Yoon <strong>demonstrators coalesced in key locations <\/strong>in Seoul. Near Gwanghwamun and Gyeongbokgung Palace, police buses formed a barricade to separate protestors supporting and opposing impeachment. While the protests remained <strong>peaceful<\/strong>, observers <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/2025\/03\/05\/qa-who-are-the-pro-and-anti-yoon-groups-leading-demonstrations-in-south-korea\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marked<\/a> considerable <strong>verbal hostility<\/strong> between both camps. However, opinion polls demonstrate that <strong>the Korean citizenry remains largely anti-Yoon<\/strong>, with 60% of respondents saying he should be removed from office and 35% opposing removal, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/asia-pacific\/south-koreas-yoon-be-released-saturday-yonhap-says-2025-03-08\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallup Korea survey results<\/a> released on March 7.<\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2>Why does it matter?<\/h2><p>The shift from programmatic to personalistic policies, political polarization, and the failure of cohabitation \u2013 these challenges are hardly unique to South Korea amid the <strong>global threat of democratic backsliding<\/strong>. Consequently, understanding the dynamics of contentious politics south of the 53rd parallel is important because it can point to <strong>mechanisms of democratic resilience<\/strong> applicable to other polities whose democratic institutions and processes are in peril. The case of South Korea, with pronounced tensions between the rigidly divided PPP and DPK camps, also points to <strong>the importance of reforms <\/strong>promoting more representative<strong> majoritarian systems <\/strong>over <strong>first-past-the-post, winner-takes-it-all <\/strong>forms of electoral contest.<\/p><p><strong>Political polarization<\/strong> in South Korea also has important<strong> implications for Seoul\u2019s international posture<\/strong>. Partisan conflicts over external action <strong>undermine the sustainability of key strategic decisions<\/strong>. This is particularly evident in<strong> policies toward Tokyo and Pyongyang<\/strong>, where opinions split along party lines. PPP supporters favor Yoon\u2019s approach to Japan and North Korea, while the DPK supporters largely oppose a conciliatory stance towards Tokyo and call for more dialogue with Pyongyang. The internal discord over Seoul\u2019s foreign policy orientation is especially perilous as <strong>Donald J. Trump has returned to the White House<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pf.org.tw\/en\/pfen\/33-11152.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ringing in<\/a> an era of pronounced <strong>instability in the Indo-Pacific region.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Photo by: Marcin Jerzewski, European Values Foto: Marcin Jerzewski, Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty What is happening? As South Koreans await the Constitutional Court\u2019s verdict on whether to uphold or overturn the National Assembly\u2019s December 2024 decision to impeach President Yoon Suk Yeol, the divided nation boldly takes to the streets to express its divergent sentiments. On March [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":39154,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[500],"tags":[495],"class_list":["post-39152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-marcin-jerzewski"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u201cStop the Steal\u201d? 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