{"id":35349,"date":"2024-01-25T12:06:25","date_gmt":"2024-01-25T10:06:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/?p=35349"},"modified":"2024-03-11T15:39:12","modified_gmt":"2024-03-11T13:39:12","slug":"becoming-taiwanese-on-the-emergence-and-consolidation-of-taiwanese-identity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/becoming-taiwanese-on-the-emergence-and-consolidation-of-taiwanese-identity\/","title":{"rendered":"Becoming Taiwanese: On the Emergence and Consolidation of Taiwanese Identity"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35349\" class=\"elementor elementor-35349\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b0e3f17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b0e3f17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0068695\" data-id=\"0068695\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-946a726 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"946a726\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span lang=\"EN\">Photo from the pre-elections rally in Taipei by Olimpia Kot-Giletycz<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3be5f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3be5f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-element-3be5f90{display:none !important}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2621bc57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2621bc57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-330e73ed\" data-id=\"330e73ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b7f860 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b7f860\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-no-translation=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-124ef29f\" data-id=\"124ef29f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ac18444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ac18444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>What is going on?<\/h2><p>Over the past three decades, Taiwan\u2019s transition from <strong>harsh authoritarian rule<\/strong> to a <strong>thriving democracy<\/strong> led to the development of a <strong>consolidated identity<\/strong> that is <strong>more Taiwanese than Chinese<\/strong>. The rise of a distinct identity is a crucial factor in electoral politics in Taiwan.<\/p><p>Taiwanese elections are never simply a matter of choosing a candidate from a preferred political party. Rather, electoral contests in the island country have always been an <strong>indicator of the voters\u2019 national identity and attitudes towards cross-strait relations<\/strong>. While many outside observers still view the elections in Taiwan in binary terms\u2014as a demonstration of pro-independence or pro-unification sympathies\u2014recent elections have shown that Taiwanese voters are increasingly <strong>transgressing this cleavage<\/strong>. This is a product of <a href=\"https:\/\/esc.nccu.edu.tw\/PageDoc\/Detail?fid=7804&amp;id=6960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>consolidation<\/strong><\/a><strong> of Taiwanese identity<\/strong> which makes Taiwanese people <a href=\"https:\/\/ws.mac.gov.tw\/001\/Upload\/295\/relfile\/7681\/6293\/e273f5da-422f-40b9-9fef-b91ca6ecc5f0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>wary<\/strong><\/a> of increasing their country\u2019s dependence on increasingly belligerent China.<\/p><p>Similarly, while the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), affiliated with Taiwanese nationalism, and the Kuomintang (KMT), appealing to Chinese nationalism, were traditionally associated with pro-independence and pro-unification stances, they have since moved beyond this dichotomy to focus on <strong>maintaining the status quo<\/strong>. For Taiwanese people, local identity <strong>has strengthened, <\/strong>and with each election, it is gradually becoming less relevant.<\/p><h2>What is the broader picture?<\/h2><p>Since the late 1980s, the world has been observing Taiwan\u2019s path towards steady and robust democracy that today allows its citizens to fully participate in the democratic processes. On January 13, voters in Taiwan granted a <a href=\"https:\/\/focustaiwan.tw\/politics\/202401140002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>third consecutive victory<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0to the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). All this while <strong>62.8 percent of people living in Taiwan perceive themselves as \u201cTaiwanese only<\/strong>\u201d (compared to 25.5 percent in 1992, the first year when the Election Studies Center at the National Chengchi University began to collect survey data on <a href=\"https:\/\/esc.nccu.edu.tw\/PageDoc\/Detail?fid=7800&amp;id=6961\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">core political attitudes<\/a>)<strong>,<\/strong> and a mere 2.5 percent view themselves \u201cChinese only.\u201d 30.5 percent of citizens identify themselves as \u201cboth Taiwanese and Chinese.\u201d Crucially, the perceived connection between \u201cTaiwaneseness\u201d and \u201cChineseness\u201d is <strong>cultural rather than political<\/strong>. As results of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/why-is-unification-so-unpopular-in-taiwan-its-the-prc-political-system-not-just-culture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey research<\/a> carried out by the Brookings Institution demonstrate, even among those who identify as Taiwanese only, the share of respondents that see <strong>Chinese culture as close to Taiwanese culture<\/strong> is larger than the proportion that rejected that view. At the same time, people in Taiwan <strong>overwhelmingly reject the PRC state<\/strong> and view it as a hostile entity.<\/p><p>The process of Taiwanese identity formation has a long history. Under the Japanese colonial rule, some people in Taiwan sought to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taiwanncf.org.tw\/ttforum\/74\/74-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>assert their distinct Taiwanese identity<\/strong><\/a> despite the imperial government\u2019s efforts at <strong>forced assimilation<\/strong>. Following the KMT\u2019s retreat to Taiwan in 1949, the <strong>islander-mainlander<\/strong> divide became a distinct feature of the Taiwanese political and ethnic landscape. The <strong>228 Incident<\/strong> in 1947, when the KMT government led by mainland newcomers violently suppressed islanders\u2019 anti-government uprising, strengthened this cleavage. Another event contributing to the rise of Taiwanese identity was <strong>the victory of Lee Teng-hui<\/strong> (\u674e\u767b\u8f1d) in the first direct presidential election in 1996 who continued Taiwan\u2019s democratic transition. Having earned the moniker \u201cMr. Democracy,\u201d Lee was the <strong>first ethnically Taiwanese politician to assume the presidency<\/strong> in the ROC.<\/p><p><strong>School curricula<\/strong> also provide a window into the evolution of Taiwanese identity in democratizing Taiwan. In 1997, junior high school students in Taiwan began studying humanities using a new set of textbooks that began to provide <strong>Taiwan-related content<\/strong>, a stark contrast to previous material focused on the history, geography, and society of China.<\/p><p>At some point, Taiwan\u2019s quest for a distinct identity began to include a focus on Taiwan\u2019s Austronesian Indigenous Peoples. This happened much to the <strong>dissatisfaction of Indigenous peoples<\/strong>, who go through separate negotiations with the central government as they struggle for political and cultural recognition. While Indigenous peoples make up less than 3 percent of Taiwan\u2019s population, the contested <strong>&#8220;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3951936\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Out of Taiwan<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8221; model<\/strong> of <strong>Austronesian expansion<\/strong> is instrumentalized to challenge the notion of inherent &#8220;Chineseness&#8221; of Taiwanese identity.<\/p><p>Social mobilization against increasing Taiwan\u2019s dependence on China further consolidated this distinct identity. This includes the <strong>Sunflower Movement<\/strong> in 2014, which was a response to Ma Ying-jeou (\u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d) KMT-led administration\u2019s efforts to push the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement through the Legislative Yuan in an untransparent manner. Additionally, the <strong>2019 anti-extradition law<\/strong> protests in Hong Kong, which prompted a police crackdown and imposition of a <strong>National Security Law<\/strong> further led to consolidation of Taiwanese identity (<a href=\"https:\/\/esc.nccu.edu.tw\/upload\/44\/doc\/6961\/People202306.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60 percent<\/a> in 2014 and the highest, <a href=\"https:\/\/esc.nccu.edu.tw\/upload\/44\/doc\/6961\/People202306.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">64 percent<\/a> in 2019).<\/p><h2>Why it matters?<\/h2><p>Taiwanese narratives of identity are dynamic and constantly evolving. Taiwanese identity no longer runs along party lines, and the cleavage between \u201cgreen-Taiwanese\u201d identities and \u201cblue-Chinese\u201d identities is not as relevant as it was in the past. This is an important signal to both, the DPP and the KMT that they need to undergo reforms to be more effective in addressing the domestic concerns of their electorate, instead of focusing on narratives of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/focustaiwan.tw\/politics\/202311260007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">war and peace<\/a>\u201d or \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/focustaiwan.tw\/politics\/202304120021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">democracy and autocracy<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Photo from the pre-elections rally in Taipei by Olimpia Kot-Giletycz Foto z p\u0159edvolebn\u00edho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v Tchaj-peji: Olimpia Kot-Giletycz What is going on? Over the past three decades, Taiwan\u2019s transition from harsh authoritarian rule to a thriving democracy led to the development of a consolidated identity that is more Taiwanese than Chinese. The rise of a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":35350,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[500],"tags":[538],"class_list":["post-35349","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-olimpia-kot"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Becoming Taiwanese: On the Emergence and Consolidation of Taiwanese Identity - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/becoming-taiwanese-on-the-emergence-and-consolidation-of-taiwanese-identity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Becoming Taiwanese: On the Emergence and Consolidation of Taiwanese Identity - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Photo from the pre-elections rally in Taipei by Olimpia Kot-Giletycz Foto z p\u0159edvolebn\u00edho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v Tchaj-peji: Olimpia Kot-Giletycz What is going on? 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