{"id":3080,"date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-02-25T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/byt-nebo-nebyt-charlie-to-je-otazka\/"},"modified":"2021-05-20T17:32:24","modified_gmt":"2021-05-20T15:32:24","slug":"byt-nebo-nebyt-charlie-to-je-otazka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/byt-nebo-nebyt-charlie-to-je-otazka\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fdt nebo neb\u00fdt Charlie? To je ot\u00e1zka"},"content":{"rendered":"

Daniela Len\u010d\u00e9\u0161 Chal\u00e1niov\u00e1 se zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad t\u00edm, zda je d\u016fstojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zap\u0159\u00edt se a sn\u00e1\u0161et svobodu slova a jej\u00ed podoby, anebo se vzep\u0159\u00edt mo\u0159i kritiky a zav\u00e9st n\u011bjkou podobu cenzury.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e p\u0159ed m\u011bs\u00edcem v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei isl\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed fanatici zavra\u017edili \u010dty\u0159i karikaturisty a dal\u0161\u00edch osm lid\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo v redakci satirick\u00e9ho t\u00fdden\u00edku Charlie Hebdo<\/i>, v okam\u017eiku zalila z\u00e1padn\u00ed sv\u011bt vlna zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed, ale i solidarity symbolizovan\u00e1 slovy \u201eJe suis CHARLIE\u201c. I v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice tento hr\u016fzn\u00fd \u010din rozpoutal celospole\u010denskou diskusi o evropsk\u00fdch, pota\u017emo \u010desk\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch, o svobod\u011b slova i tisku, o rasismu i n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, do kter\u00e9 se vlo\u017eili osobnosti ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, m\u00e9dia, politici i ob\u010dan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 diskuse o hodnot\u00e1ch a svobod\u00e1ch je sama o sob\u011b jist\u011b v\u011bc prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1, ale jak se obecn\u011b v\u00ed, pap\u00edr toho snese dost (a jednomu by se cht\u011blo dodat, \u017ee digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201epap\u00edr\u201c \u2013 internet \u2013 toho snese je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc)…<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee se dnes z\u00e1padn\u00ed i \u010desk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost roz\u0161t\u011bpila na ty, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou<\/i> Charlie: jako p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 evropsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1d, v \u010cR to jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u010dasopis Respekt, Petr Honzejk (Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 noviny), z politik\u016f Marek \u017den\u00ed\u0161ek (TOP 09), z \u010desk\u00fdch karikaturist\u016f se za princip svobody slova postavili tak\u00e9 \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n Mare\u0161 (Reflex) nebo Mirek Kemel (Pr\u00e1vo) (z\u00e1znam debaty o karikatu\u0159e a svobod\u011b projevu na Karlov\u011b univerzit\u011b<\/a>); a na ty, kte\u0159\u00ed Charlie nejsou: Facebook (blokuje obr\u00e1zky Mohameda), Marine Le Pen, pape\u017e Franti\u0161ek, v \u010cR Charlie nejsou Tom\u00e1\u0161 Hal\u00edk, prezident Milo\u0161 Zeman, Tomio Okamura a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b rozporupln\u00e9 to je i mezi ob\u010dany. Anketa Lidov\u00fdch novin<\/a>, kter\u00e9 se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo p\u0159es 9000 lid\u00ed, zjistila, \u017ee 40,7 % respondent\u016f nen\u00ed, 35,6 % Charlie je<\/i> a zbytek nev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ob\u011b strany n\u00e1s vydatn\u011b z\u00e1sobuj\u00ed argumenty, pro\u010d b\u00fdt nebo neb\u00fdt Charlie: jedni d\u011blaj\u00ed z kresl\u00ed\u0159\u016f hrdiny, druz\u00ed rasisty; jedni se oh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed l\u00e1skou k bli\u017en\u00edmu, druz\u00ed politickou korektnost\u00ed; jedni horl\u00ed za svobodu slova pro v\u0161echny, druz\u00ed b\u011b\u017e\u00ed do boje za hodnoty z\u00e1padn\u00ed\/\u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti proti \u201et\u011bm druh\u00fdm\u201c. Ale tak n\u011bjak se v tom \u010derno-b\u00edl\u00e9m zobec\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a h\u00e1zen\u00ed viny zapom\u00edn\u00e1 na dv\u011b v\u011bci:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. nejsme v\u0161ichni karikaturisti a satirici (role satiry)<\/li>\n
  2. i respektov\u00e1n\u00ed principu svobody slova neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee se tady v\u0161ichni nutn\u011b mus\u00edme ur\u00e1\u017eet (absolutn\u00ed svoboda)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Svoboda slova neexistuje ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m vakuu
    \n<\/b>Za\u010dnu od konce, tedy principem svobody slova. Svoboda slova je a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto postavena do protikladu s politickou korektnost\u00ed nebo dokonce cenzurou! Ov\u0161em t\u0159eba rozli\u0161ovat mezi svobodou slova \u2013 principem <\/i>a aplikac\u00ed <\/i>toho principu v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Svoboda slova v praxi toti\u017e neexistuje vn\u011b r\u00e1mce spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem a zvyk\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Od d\u011btstv\u00ed jsme vedeni k tomu, abychom se \u201eum\u011bli chovat\u201c \u2013 kdy, kde, kdo a co si m\u016f\u017ee dovolit<\/i>. P\u0159\u00edklad: doma si m\u016f\u017eu \u0159\u00edkat, co chci, ale hlava st\u00e1tu by nem\u011bla ve\u0159ejn\u011b hanobit obyvatele sv\u00e9 zem\u011b. Mezi p\u0159\u00e1teli si m\u016f\u017eu p\u011bkn\u011b od plic zanad\u00e1vat, p\u0159ed \u0161\u00e9fem v pr\u00e1ci to ov\u0161em nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Pro\u010d svoboda slova v praxi neplat\u00ed pro prezidenta republiky? A pro\u010d nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b vhodn\u00e9 nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9mu p\u011bkn\u011b do o\u010d\u00ed \u0159\u00edct, co si o n\u011bm mysl\u00edme? …proto\u017ee spole\u010densk\u00e9 normy. Kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo tyto normy poru\u0161uje (prezident na ve\u0159ejnosti mluv\u00ed sprost\u011b), je vystaven tlaku spole\u010dnosti, aby uvedl v\u011bci do norm\u00e1lu. Kdy\u017e nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9mu \u0159eknu, \u017ee je p\u011bkn\u00fd pt\u00e1k, taky ne\u010dek\u00e1m pochvalu, ale sp\u00ed\u0161 propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Jednomu by se a\u017e cht\u011blo souhlasit s Tom\u00e1\u0161em Hal\u00edkem, \u017ee mrtv\u00ed karikaturist\u00e9 si za to mohou sami, v\u017edy\u0165 provokovali a poru\u0161ili spole\u010densk\u00e9\/n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 normy (podot\u00fdk\u00e1m, \u017ee to nebyly evropsk\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 normy, ale normy isl\u00e1mu), a t\u00edm urazili \u201enejvnit\u0159n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed identitu \u010dlov\u011bka<\/a>\u201c… Kde je tedy ten princip?<\/p>\n

    Princip svobody slova v liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracii ale spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee i kdy\u017e m\u016f\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk doplatit na sv\u00e9 v\u00fdroky spole\u010densky (v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f z pr\u00e1ce, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zostuzen\u00ed, z\u0159\u00eddkakdy se jedn\u00e1 o ve\u0159ejnou omluvu nebo dokonce finan\u010dn\u00ed pokutu za pomluvu a nactiutrh\u00e1n\u00ed), nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt za sv\u00e9 v\u00fdroky st\u00e1tem potrest\u00e1n odn\u011bt\u00edm svobody nebo dokonce smrt\u00ed, pokud neporu\u0161il z\u00e1kon! Kdyby tomu tak bylo, nebyli bychom liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie, n\u00fdbr\u017e autoritativn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd za n\u00e1zor \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161inou opozi\u010dn\u00ed \u2013 trest\u00e1 v\u011bzen\u00edm.<\/p>\n

    Omezen\u00ed autoritativn\u00ed absolutistick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, ve kter\u00e9 byla ve\u0161ker\u00e1 moc koncentrov\u00e1na v rukou panovn\u00edka, ve prosp\u011bch vl\u00e1dy omezen\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony a normami mimo jin\u00e9 znamenalo p\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed pr\u00e1v ob\u010dan\u016fm a stanoven\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u016f a princip\u016f, kter\u00fdmi se m\u00e1 spole\u010dnost \u0159\u00eddit, v\u010detn\u011b pr\u00e1va na \u201esvobodn\u00e9 sd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed my\u0161lenek a n\u00e1zor\u016f\u201c zakotven\u00e9ho ji\u017e v Deklaraci pr\u00e1v \u010dlov\u011bka a ob\u010dana<\/i> z roku 1789.<\/p>\n

    Ta sam\u00e1 deklarace ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 dod\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd ob\u010dan je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za zneu\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to svobody, kdy\u017e t\u00edm poru\u0161\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kon (pro lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavu uv\u00e1d\u00edm paralelu: dnes je trestn\u00e9 podporovat a propagovat hnut\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch k potla\u010den\u00ed pr\u00e1v a svobod \u010dlov\u011bka, kup\u0159\u00edkladu nacismus, tak\u017ee i kdy\u017e je to v\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1zor, nechte si ho pro sebe, proto\u017ee ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 propagace je trestn\u00e1 \u2013 Trestn\u00ed z\u00e1kon \u010d. 140\/1961 Sb. zn\u011bn\u00ed 2009). Jestli\u017ee ale neexistuje z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd by trestal kritiku autorit politick\u00fdch\/n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch\/v\u011bdeck\u00fdch, pak plat\u00ed princip svobody projevu.<\/p>\n

    Nen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd satirik
    \n<\/b>Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hoda, \u017ee se z\u00e1nikem monarchi\u00ed a vznikem prvn\u00edch republik v 16. a\u017e 18. stolet\u00ed, do\u0161lo tak\u00e9 k vzniku politick\u00e9 karikatury. Legend\u00e1rn\u00ed britsk\u00fd satirick\u00fd \u010dasopis Punch<\/i> vych\u00e1zel od roku 1841, francouzsk\u00fd Le Charivari<\/i>\u00a0dokonce ji\u017e od roku 1832! Tyto pl\u00e1tky sice nebyly prim\u00e1rn\u011b politick\u00e9, byly sp\u00ed\u0161 humorn\u00e9, ale kdy\u017e se naskytla p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost zesm\u011b\u0161nit lidskou hloupost a po\u0161etilost, kritika se nevyhnula ani autorit\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

    Jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch byl francouzsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Ludv\u00edk Filip I, kter\u00fd to hned po zru\u0161en\u00ed cenzury \u201ep\u011bkn\u011b schytal\u201c od legendy francouzsk\u00e9 karikatury Honor\u00e9 Daumiera. Ten ho hned n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t nakreslil jako \u201ehru\u0161kohlavu\u201c; a ano, byl si za \u201eur\u00e1\u017eku majest\u00e1tu\u201c posed\u011bt ve v\u011bzen\u00ed na p\u011bt m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f (nejsp\u00ed\u0161 si to Jeho Veli\u010denstv\u00ed s t\u00edm zru\u0161en\u00edm cenzury rozmyslelo).<\/p>\n

    Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b nem\u00e1 nikdo v\u00fdjimku ze z\u00e1kona, a ani politick\u00e1 satira nen\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou. Ov\u0161em, co se t\u00fd\u010de jej\u00edho postaven\u00ed v r\u00e1mci akceptovan\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem, je jej\u00ed m\u00edsto dost specifick\u00e9: jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b satirici, kte\u0159\u00ed se sv\u00fdm projevem dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed a\u017e na hranu spole\u010densky p\u0159ijateln\u00e9ho. V\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e1 spole\u010dnost nemus\u00ed m\u00edt z\u00e1libu v politick\u00e9 sati\u0159e, ale stejn\u011b ji toleruje jako sve\u0159ep\u00fd \u017e\u00e1nr, vzpome\u0148me t\u0159eba na \u010ceskou sodu<\/i>, na Gum\u00e1ky <\/i>nebo dnes popul\u00e1rn\u00ed Kancel\u00e1\u0159 Blan\u00edk<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm stavebn\u00edm kamenem politick\u00e9 satiry je humor. A co jin\u00e9ho je humor ne\u017e poru\u0161en\u00ed konvence, poru\u0161en\u00ed toho \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00edho\u201c? Kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo n\u011bco ud\u011bl\u00e1 jinak, ne\u017e je zvykem, kdy\u017e si n\u011bkdo vlastn\u00ed ne\u0161ikovnost\u00ed natrop\u00ed ostudu, m\u016f\u017eeme ho litovat, kritizovat nebo se mu vysm\u00e1t. To, \u017ee nen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed normy stejn\u011b vtipn\u00e9, je asi jasn\u00e9, to bychom pak v\u0161ichni museli b\u00fdt humoristi a to nejsme.<\/p>\n

    Ka\u017ed\u00fd vtip\u00a0je\u00a0<\/i>ale\u00a0zcela jist\u011b\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00edm toho norm\u00e1ln\u00edho: p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu naruby, vytrhnut\u00ed ud\u00e1losti\/v\u011bty z p\u016fvodn\u00edho kontextu nebo naopak lp\u011bn\u00ed na stereotypech, p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed, nads\u00e1zka a prvky absurdnosti jsou toti\u017e n\u00e1stroje pevn\u011b spjat\u00e9 s humorem. Politi\u010dt\u00ed satirici a karikaturist\u00e9 jako \u201e\u0159emesln\u00edci humoru\u201c tyto n\u00e1stroje v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kombinac\u00edch u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k zesm\u011b\u0161n\u011bn\u00ed autorit a ke glosov\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9 kultury.<\/p>\n

    V politick\u00e9 sati\u0159e je tud\u00ed\u017e p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 zobrazit V\u00e1clava Klause jako mafi\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho bose (Gum\u00e1ci, d\u00edl \u201eKmotr\u201c), Miroslava Kalouska, jak voli\u010d\u016fm ukazuje vzty\u010den\u00fd prost\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek<\/a> (karikatura Mirka Kemela pro MF DNES, 30. b\u0159ezna 2011), Davida Ratha s hitlerovsk\u00fdm kn\u00edrkem<\/a> (ob\u00e1lka \u010dasopisu Reflex z \u00fanora 2009) nebo Janu Nagyovou jako dominu<\/a> navle\u010denou v latexu nad Petrem Ne\u010dasem na anonymn\u00ed parodii p\u0159edvolebn\u00edho let\u00e1ku ODS (2013).<\/p>\n

    Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ve snaze b\u00fdt je\u0161t\u011b vtipn\u00ed, by\u0165 s v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm spole\u010densk\u00fdm odkazem, se satirici dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b a\u017e na hranu konvence, v\u011bdom\u011b provokuj\u00ed poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem v oblasti politi\u010dna.<\/p>\n

    A tak zat\u00edmco zpravodajstv\u00ed a publicistika p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed a komentuj\u00ed politiku v mez\u00edch \u201edobr\u00fdch mrav\u016f\u201c, politi\u010dt\u00ed satirici jsou jako to d\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 jako jedin\u00e9 bez \u0161petky politick\u00e9 korektnosti v davu vyk\u0159ikne: \u201eKr\u00e1l je nah\u00fd!\u201c (Politik je zkorumpovan\u00fd, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 autorita je pr\u00e1zdn\u00e1)… Politick\u00e1 satira tud\u00ed\u017e ze sv\u00e9 podstaty nen\u00ed kompromisn\u00ed, v\u0161edn\u00ed a laskav\u00e1, a u\u017e v\u016fbec nen\u00ed korektn\u00ed (mus\u00ed b\u00fdt jedin\u011b v mez\u00edch z\u00e1kona).<\/p>\n

    Kdo z koho
    \n<\/b>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, testov\u00e1n\u00ed hranic toho, co je\u0161t\u011b je spole\u010densky p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 a co ji\u017e nen\u00ed, s sebou nese i jist\u00e1 rizika (srovnej s v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fdm nevhodn\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm). Za prv\u00e9, ne ka\u017ed\u00e9mu se mus\u00ed politick\u00e1 satira l\u00edbit, ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1me svou hranici toho \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00edho\u201c a p\u0159ijateln\u00e9ho trochu jinde a z t\u00e9to r\u016fznorodosti vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 i druh\u00e9 riziko, toti\u017e kdy\u017e se \u201eob\u011bti\u201c satiry n\u011bkdy sna\u017e\u00ed naj\u00edt v platn\u00fdch z\u00e1konech aplikovateln\u00fd paragraf a karikaturisty \u017ealuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Medi\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edpady francouzsk\u00e9ho karikaturisty Le Monde<\/i> Jeana \u201ePlantu\u201c Plantureuxe, kter\u00fd byl v roce 2010 ob\u017ealov\u00e1n Francouzskou katolickou alianc\u00ed proti rasismu z \u201epodn\u011bcov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00e1visti a n\u00e1sil\u00ed\u201c za karikaturu zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed pape\u017ee Benedikta XVI zn\u00e1sil\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho d\u00edt\u011b s n\u00e1zvem \u201ePedofilie: pape\u017e zaujal pozici<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

    V bublin\u011b na obr\u00e1zku pape\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eAby s V\u00e1mi nevyxxxxli, p\u0159ij\u010fte v ned\u011bli k volb\u00e1m!\u201c Soud nakonec karikaturistu zprostil obvin\u011bn\u00ed s vysv\u011btlen\u00edm, \u017ee i kdy\u017e karikatura prokazateln\u011b mohla n\u011bkter\u00e9 lidi \u0161okovat, hlavn\u011b v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, nebylo smyslem ani c\u00edlem karikatury stigmatizovat c\u00edrkev a kleriky.<\/p>\n

    V atmosf\u00e9\u0159e uvadaj\u00edc\u00ed demokracie, se hned z kraje tohoto roku na soudu ji\u017e podruh\u00e9 utkali tureck\u00fd karikaturista Musa Kart a president Recep Tayyip Erdogan<\/a>. Poprv\u00e9 to bylo v roce 2004, kdy\u017e Kart nakreslil Erdogana jako ko\u010dku, tentokr\u00e1t se p\u0159eli kv\u016fli karikatu\u0159e zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed Erdogana jako no\u010dn\u00edho str\u00e1\u017en\u00edka, kter\u00fd ne\u010dinn\u011b p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed rozkr\u00e1dan\u00ed pen\u011bz.<\/p>\n

    Zlod\u011bji na karikatu\u0159e se mezit\u00edm v klidu uji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee je v\u0161echno v po\u0159\u00e1dku, proto\u017ee holografick\u00fd str\u00e1\u017en\u00edk, kter\u00fd se je\u0161t\u011b ke v\u0161emu d\u00edv\u00e1 jinam, stejn\u011b nic neud\u011bl\u00e1, aby kr\u00e1de\u017e zastavil. Karikatura byla reakc\u00ed na vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed korupce v kruhu prezidentov\u00fdch nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch a president Erdogan reagoval \u017ealobou za \u201ema\u0159en\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c a \u201epomluvu\u201c. Nakonec byl Musa Kart zpro\u0161t\u011bn obvin\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Medi\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady z \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky zahrnuj\u00ed pochopiteln\u011b \u017ealobu Davida Ratha na vydavatelstv\u00ed Ringier za ob\u00e1lku Reflexu, kde mu photoshopem p\u0159id\u011blali hitlerovsk\u00fd kn\u00edrek, v reakci na Rath\u016fv rozhovor pro Lidov\u00e9 noviny, ve kter\u00e9m hovo\u0159il o nacistick\u00fdch receptech<\/a> na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize.<\/p>\n

    V roku 2010 soud ale rozhodl, \u017ee Ringier se Rathovi ve\u0159ejn\u011b omluvit nemus\u00ed<\/a> s t\u00edm, \u017ee karikatura nebyla natolik neslu\u0161n\u00e1, aby nebyla p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1, nav\u00edc pr\u00fd m\u011bla minim\u00e1ln\u011b re\u00e1ln\u00fd z\u00e1klad v rozhovoru pro LN. Nakonec se omluvil David Rath t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 mohly jeho v\u00fdroky popudit.<\/p>\n

    Druh\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad z \u010desk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se tak\u00e9 t\u00fdk\u00e1 \u010dasopisu Reflex, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b d\u00edlu \u010d. 739 komixu Zelen\u00fd Raoul<\/i> nazvan\u00e9ho \u201eParoubkovy erotick\u00e9 fantazie<\/a>\u201c. V komixu vid\u00edme b\u00fdval\u00e9ho premi\u00e9ra Ji\u0159\u00edho Paroubka vybuzen\u00e9ho p\u00e1dem Topol\u00e1nkovy vl\u00e1dy a jeho man\u017eelku Petru v posteli, jak se pokou\u0161ej\u00ed o d\u00edt\u011b. Kdy\u017e to moc nejde, rad\u00ed Petra man\u017eelovi, aby myslel na n\u011bco erotick\u00e9ho, a p\u0159i my\u0161lence na zru\u0161en\u00ed poplatk\u016f u l\u00e9ka\u0159e dojde na pov\u011bstn\u00e9 \u201ehrk \u2013 hrk\u201c.<\/p>\n

    Petra Paroubkov\u00e1 po\u017eaduje od \u010dasopisu omluvu za zesm\u011b\u0161n\u011bn\u00ed po\u010det\u00ed jejich dcery, jej\u00edho t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed a za z\u00e1sah do soukrom\u00ed. Po p\u011bti letech tahanic na soudech r\u016fzn\u00fdch instanc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 st\u00ed\u017enost zam\u00edtly s vysv\u011btlen\u00edm, \u017ee c\u00edlem karikatury byl p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Ji\u0159\u00ed Paroubek a \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o politickou satiru<\/a>, \u00dastavn\u00ed soud \u010cR v roce 2014 potvrdil trend a rozhodl, \u017ee \u201eposuzovan\u00e9 vyobrazen\u00ed nelze pova\u017eovat za hrub\u011b pornografick\u00e9<\/a> \u010di vulg\u00e1rn\u011b zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tek st\u011b\u017eovatel\u010dina t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, jak ona tvrd\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

    Soudci krom toho zd\u016fraznili, \u017ee ochrana soukrom\u00ed a osobnosti lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou ve\u0159ejn\u011b \u010dinn\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eit nad svobodou projevu jen v obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Paroubkovi cht\u011bj\u00ed pokra\u010dovat a\u017e k Evropsk\u00e9mu soudu pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va ve \u0160trasburku.<\/p>\n

    Podobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f by se dalo naj\u00edt jist\u011b je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik, faktem ale z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina politick\u00e9 satiry je v demokratick\u00fdch zem\u00edch pova\u017eov\u00e1na za sou\u010d\u00e1st politick\u00e9 kultury a standardn\u00ed projev svobody slova. Ano, ur\u010dit\u00e1 m\u00edra rizika u provokace st\u00e1le existuje, ale v z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti toto riziko nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e soudcem potvrzen\u00fd trest ve shod\u011b s platn\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011brem
    \n<\/b>Masakr v redakci Charlie Hebdo vyvolal sp\u00ed\u0161 ne\u017e diskuzi a promy\u0161len\u00ed na\u0161ich hodnot, ha\u0161te\u0159en\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 oso\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v m\u00e9di\u00edch. V tomto koment\u00e1\u0159i jsem se proto cht\u011bla vr\u00e1tit k z\u00e1klad\u016fm, kter\u00e9 byly opomenuty a kter\u00e9 dle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru leccos vyjas\u0148uj\u00ed: \u017ee svoboda slova jako princip je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, ale vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u016f v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b je p\u0159eci jenom sv\u00e1z\u00e1no soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi normami \u201eslu\u0161n\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Proto n\u00e1m, mysl\u00edm, nehroz\u00ed, \u017ee bychom se propadli do stavu spole\u010densk\u00e9 anarchie, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd ur\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

    Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b tu m\u00e1me sve\u0159ep\u00fd \u017e\u00e1nr politick\u00e9 satiry, kter\u00fd se pohybuje na hran\u011b spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem, za prv\u00e9 kv\u016fli humoru vznikaj\u00edc\u00edmu z re-kontextualizace ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a nads\u00e1zky, a za druh\u00e9 z t\u00e9to pozice na kraji \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u017eurnalistiky ukazuje na problematick\u00e9 politick\u00e9 situace, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee kr\u00e1l je nah\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    P\u0159edstavme si ov\u0161em opa\u010dnou situaci: kdyby byl ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk vtip\u00e1lek a satirik, nebyla by satira na kraji uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch norem, n\u00fdbr\u017e by byla mainstreamem. A kdyby se satirici a karikaturist\u00e9 chovali \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u011b\u201c v mez\u00edch dne\u0161n\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem, u\u017e by to nebyla satira, ale oby\u010dejn\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed. Charlie Hebdo v tom smyslu vydal v roce 2012 \u010d\u00edslo s n\u00e1zvem \u201eZodpov\u011bdn\u00fd \u010dasopis\u201c; jak je vid\u011bt z obr\u00e1zku: normalizovan\u00fd satirick\u00fd \u010dasopis bez satiry je vlastn\u011b jenom b\u00edl\u00e1 str\u00e1nka.<\/p>\n

    Pravdou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee satira provokuje n\u011bkoho v\u00edce jin\u00e9ho m\u00e9n\u011b u\u017e jenom proto, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1me hranice toho, co pova\u017eujeme za \u201eslu\u0161n\u00e9\u201c, tro\u0161ku jinde, ale tady jde o princip. Satira a karikatura tu nejsou proto, aby se zal\u00edbily, od toho tu m\u00e1me um\u011bn\u00ed, ale aby komentovaly, aby upozornily ve\u0159ejnost na problematick\u00e9 v\u011bci.<\/p>\n

    U\u017eit\u00ed stereotyp\u016f \u2013 rasistick\u00fdch, sexistick\u00fdch, etnick\u00fdch, \u010di n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u2013 nen\u00ed samo\u00fa\u010deln\u00e9, ale je to kontroverzn\u00ed prost\u0159edek komentov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho jin\u00e9ho (korupce finan\u010dn\u00ed i mor\u00e1ln\u00ed, stupidity, netransparentnosti, extremismu, nepotismu…).<\/p>\n

    A tady se znovu dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k rozd\u00edlu mezi svobodou slova\/projevu v praxi a mezi svobodou slova\/projevu jako principu: v praxi by jist\u011b nebylo politicky korektn\u00ed a \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c uve\u0159ejnit tu samou karikaturu Mohameda na prvn\u00ed str\u00e1nce novin Le Monde<\/i>, ale Charlie Hebdo<\/i> nen\u00ed seri\u00f3zn\u00ed respektovan\u00fd den\u00edk \u2013 Charlie Hebdo<\/i> je okrajov\u00fd satirick\u00fd \u010dasopis na sam\u00e9 hranici politick\u00e9 korektnosti a je tam u\u017e \u010dty\u0159icet let.<\/p>\n

    Kde jinde ne\u017e tady by m\u011blo b\u00fdt mo\u017en\u00e9 karikaturu jako n\u00e1zor zve\u0159ejnit? Toti\u017e, karikatura jako projev, i kdy\u017e je na hran\u011b z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010densk\u00fdch hodnot, i kdy\u017e bud\u00ed v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b, ale pokud neporu\u0161uje francouzsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony (nen\u00ed trestn\u00e9 parodovat n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 autority, dokud by soud nerozhodl na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u017ealoby o opaku), nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 ji zak\u00e1zat.<\/p>\n

    A to je pr\u00e1v\u011b princip svobody projevu: nejde o to, jestli se m\u00e1 nebo nem\u00e1 n\u011bco, co nen\u00ed trestn\u00e9, zve\u0159ejnit, n\u00fdbr\u017e jde o to kde a jak. Politick\u00e1 korektnost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt podmno\u017einou svobody slova a ne naopak \u2013 svoboda slova uvnit\u0159 politick\u00e9 korektnosti.<\/p>\n

    Vra\u017edy karikaturist\u016f isl\u00e1msk\u00fdmi radik\u00e1ly byly hrozn\u00e9, byly nelidsk\u00e9 a sv\u00e9voln\u00e9. Tato smutn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 reakce ale sp\u00ed\u0161 poukazuj\u00ed na p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed homofobii, xenofobii, fanatismus, extremismus a st\u00e1dovitost na obou stran\u00e1ch t\u00e1bora. J\u00e1 jsem Charlie<\/i>, proto\u017ee si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee nejenom francouzsk\u00e1, ale i na\u0161e a evropsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost pot\u0159ebuje lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se jednodu\u0161e nesm\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se sou\u010dasnou situac\u00ed a jsou ochotni nastavit na\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti nelichotiv\u00e9 zrcadlo.<\/p>\n

    Tento text vy\u0161el 22. \u00fanora 2015 v Den\u00edku Referendum.<\/em><\/p>\n

    \"Chalaniova_foto2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    Daniela Chal\u00e1niov\u00e1<\/a> je analyti\u010dkou think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Daniela Len\u010d\u00e9\u0161 Chal\u00e1niov\u00e1 se zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad t\u00edm, zda je d\u016fstojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zap\u0159\u00edt se a sn\u00e1\u0161et svobodu slova a jej\u00ed podoby, anebo se vzep\u0159\u00edt mo\u0159i kritiky a zav\u00e9st n\u011bjkou podobu cenzury.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nB\u00fdt nebo neb\u00fdt Charlie? To je ot\u00e1zka - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/byt-nebo-nebyt-charlie-to-je-otazka\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u00fdt nebo neb\u00fdt Charlie? 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