{"id":3064,"date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-01-20T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/islam-v-evrope-kde-presne-mame-problem\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:19:32","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:19:32","slug":"islam-v-evrope-kde-presne-mame-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/islam-v-evrope-kde-presne-mame-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"Isl\u00e1m v Evrop\u011b – kde p\u0159esn\u011b m\u00e1me probl\u00e9m?"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159i reflexi teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f, kter\u00e9 sp\u00e1chali radik\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1dist\u00e9 minul\u00fd t\u00fdden ve Francii, se znovu rozv\u00ed\u0159ila ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 debata o vztahu mezi isl\u00e1mem a islamismem, o sou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00a0muslimy v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a o tom, co je vlastn\u011b ten hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m, kter\u00e9mu v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti \u010del\u00edme. Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se s\u00a0\u0161irokou paletou interpretac\u00ed. Z\u00a0jednoho kraje n\u00e1s uji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee pachatel\u00e9 \u00fatok\u016f nemaj\u00ed s\u00a0muslimy a isl\u00e1mem nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, z\u00a0druh\u00e9ho okraje se zase oz\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee isl\u00e1m je n\u00e1silnou ideologi\u00ed a v\u0161ichni muslimov\u00e9 jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed terorist\u00e9. Do toho vstupuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed s tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee a\u0165 u\u017e je to jakkoliv, rozhodn\u011b bychom o tom nem\u011bli v\u00e9st ve\u0159ejnou debatu, kter\u00e1 by jen nahr\u00e1vala extremist\u016fm v\u0161eho druhu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Poj\u010fme za\u010d\u00edt t\u00edm, \u017ee se shodneme na tom, \u017ee debatu o t\u011bchto z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch v\u00e9st mus\u00edme pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, abychom ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prostor neponechali napospas populistick\u00fdm v\u00fdk\u0159ik\u016fm. Pokud politici demokratick\u00fdch stran nepovedou tuto diskusi mezi sebou a s\u00a0ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed, extremist\u016fm bude nad\u00e1le r\u016fst podpora vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text je p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkem do t\u00e9to v\u00a0\u010cesku teprve za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed debaty a navrhuje, co by m\u011blo b\u00fdt jej\u00edm j\u00e1drem.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edn\u011b si ale \u0159ekn\u011bme, co n\u00e1s v\u00a0t\u00e9to diskusi nikam neposouv\u00e1. Jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b ta dv\u011b krajn\u00ed tvrzen\u00ed: bu\u010f \u017ee isl\u00e1m a islamismus spolu nemaj\u00ed nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, anebo \u017ee jsou t\u00edmt\u00e9\u017e. Oba v\u00fdklady jsou chybn\u00e9 a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Oba p\u0159\u00edstupy n\u00e1s odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed od mo\u017enosti p\u0159ekonat probl\u00e9my v\u00a0sou\u017eit\u00ed s isl\u00e1mem a muslimy v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. Prvn\u00ed teze toti\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m neexistuje, a druh\u00e1 jej \u010din\u00ed ne\u0159e\u0161iteln\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Cesta mezi dv\u011bma extr\u00e9my<\/b><\/p>\n

Do pasti prvn\u00edho krajn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu spadl i francouzsk\u00fd prezident Hollande, kdy\u017e ve sv\u00e9m projevu po zne\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed terorist\u016f prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee tito fanatici nemaj\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm muslim\u016f nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Nen\u00ed v\u00a0tom ojedin\u011bl\u00fd, jeliko\u017e t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem k\u00a0nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed hrozb\u011b islamistick\u00e9ho terorismu p\u0159istupuj\u00ed mainstreamov\u00ed politici velmi r\u00e1di. N\u00e1rod i sami sebe toti\u017e uklid\u0148uj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee sta\u010d\u00ed pos\u00edlit bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed proti radik\u00e1l\u016fm a v\u0161e bude zase v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Jen\u017ee b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch deseti let, kter\u00e9 uplynuly od velk\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f v\u00a0Madridu a Lond\u00fdn\u011b, se po\u010dty zradikalizovan\u00fdch muslim\u016f v\u00a0Evrop\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily a je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee jde o v\u00edc, ne\u017e jen o krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m pro policii a zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby. To, \u017ee islamisti\u010dt\u00ed terorist\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0muslimsk\u00fdch komunit a sv\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed op\u00edraj\u00ed o jist\u00e9 v\u00fdklady isl\u00e1mu, je nezpochybniteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Tvrzen\u00ed z\u00a0druh\u00e9ho kraje naopak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee antidemokratick\u00e9, radik\u00e1ln\u00ed a n\u00e1siln\u00e9 prvky nelze od isl\u00e1mu odd\u011blit a \u017ee v\u0161ichni muslimov\u00e9 jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed terorist\u00e9. P\u0159esto\u017ee existuj\u00ed zp\u016fsoby v\u00fdkladu isl\u00e1mu, kter\u00e9 by takov\u00e9 charakteristice odpov\u00eddaly, je skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina muslim\u016f v\u00a0Evrop\u011b jsou slu\u0161n\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed netou\u017e\u00ed po n\u00e1sil\u00ed, a je mnoho t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se hl\u00e1s\u00ed k\u00a0um\u00edrn\u011bn\u00e9mu \u010di sekul\u00e1rn\u00edmu pojet\u00ed tohoto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Nadto, pokud bychom p\u0159istoupili na interpretaci isl\u00e1mu jako nen\u00e1vistn\u00e9ho monolitu, jeho\u017e jedin\u00fdm programem je zni\u010dit svobodnou civilizaci, m\u00e1me v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii r\u00e1zem 20 milion\u016f nep\u0159\u00e1tel na \u017eivot a na smrt. Existence sekul\u00e1rn\u00edch, liber\u00e1ln\u011b sm\u00fd\u0161lej\u00edc\u00edch muslim\u016f je d\u016fkazem, \u017ee tato interpretace je chybn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Je zde je\u0161t\u011b jeden p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd odv\u00e1d\u00ed na\u0161i pozornost od j\u00e1dra probl\u00e9mu. Toti\u017e d\u016fraz na samotnou politickou ideologii islamismu a na d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 radik\u00e1ly. Jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b oni, jen\u017e reprezentuj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed, bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed a jasn\u011b viditelnou hrozbu pro na\u0161i spole\u010dnost. Ale p\u0159esn\u011b z\u00a0t\u011bch sam\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f to z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejsou oni, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Po vra\u017eedn\u00fdch teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatoc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me st\u00e1le v\u00a0\u017eiv\u00e9 pam\u011bti, to m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt cynicky, ale boj proti terorist\u016fm, jejich skupin\u00e1m a s\u00edt\u00edm je sp\u00ed\u0161e taktickou ot\u00e1zkou. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee specifikem dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u00ed je, \u017ee se po Evrop\u011b pohybuj\u00ed tis\u00edce islamist\u016f, \u010dasto s\u00a0bojovou zku\u0161enost\u00ed, p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch k\u00a0n\u00e1siln\u00fdm \u00fatok\u016fm, a je pravdou, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed a zpravodajsk\u00e9 slo\u017eky na takov\u00fd rozsah moment\u00e1ln\u011b nejsou vybaveny. Ale je jen ot\u00e1zkou \u010dasu, ne\u017e se na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed politick\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f nav\u00fd\u0161\u00ed rozpo\u010dty, kapacity a pravomoci t\u011bchto org\u00e1n\u016f tak, aby to odpov\u00eddalo aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmu rozsahu hrozby islamist\u016f. Je to v z\u00e1sad\u011b pouze technick\u00fd probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Strategick\u00fd probl\u00e9m<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00edm se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k\u00a0tomu, co lze ozna\u010dit za strategick\u00fd probl\u00e9m, na n\u011bj\u017e by se m\u011blo soust\u0159edit j\u00e1dro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 a odborn\u00e9 debaty. T\u00edmto probl\u00e9mem je n\u00e1chylnost muslimsk\u00e9 populace v\u00a0Evrop\u011b k\u00a0isl\u00e1msk\u00e9mu fundamentalismu a nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivosti v\u016f\u010di jin\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m, a tud\u00ed\u017e hrozba jej\u00ed radikalizace. Sklon k\u00a0fundamentalismu a nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivosti samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fdm v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00fdm specifikem muslim\u016f. M\u016f\u017eeme jej nal\u00e9zt u r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensky \u010di ideologicky definovan\u00fdch skupin. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 plat\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0Evrop\u011b m\u00e1me i jin\u00fd z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m, a to s\u00a0radikalizac\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a s\u00a0rostouc\u00ed podporou r\u016fzn\u00fdch extremistick\u00fdch stran a hnut\u00ed, co\u017e je hrozba, kter\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 mus\u00edme s\u00a0plnou pozornost\u00ed v\u011bnovat. Av\u0161ak v\u00a0tomto textu se v\u011bnujeme men\u0161inov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti populace vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed isl\u00e1m, a v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee evrop\u0161t\u00ed muslimov\u00e9 jsou ohro\u017eeni tendencemi fundamentalismu a nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivosti v\u00edce, ne\u017e jsme si byli dosud ochotni p\u0159iznat.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edn\u00ed nizozemsk\u00fd sociolog Ruud Koopmans ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku Religious Fundamentalism and Hostility against Outgroups publikovan\u00e9m v\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed akademick\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, prezentuje z\u00e1v\u011bry zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pr\u016fzkumu z\u00a0roku 2008, proveden\u00e9m s\u00a0respondenty v\u00a0\u0161esti z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Tato studie ukazuje, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd fundamentalismus je mezi muslimy relativn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 60 % muslim\u016f souhlas\u00ed s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee by se m\u011bli vr\u00e1tit ke ko\u0159en\u016fm isl\u00e1mu, 65 % uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 pravidla (\u0161ar\u00eda) jsou pro n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e z\u00e1kony zem\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed, a 75 % v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee existuje pouze jedin\u00e1 mo\u017en\u00e1 interpretace Kor\u00e1nu, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 pro v\u0161echny muslimy. Zat\u00edmco 44 % muslim\u016f souhlasilo se v\u0161emi t\u0159emi tvrzen\u00edmi, pouze 4 % k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f se hl\u00e1sila k analogick\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm. S\u00a0fundamentalistick\u00fdmi postoji koreluje nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivost v\u016f\u010di ciz\u00edm skupin\u00e1m: 57 % muslim\u016f by se nep\u0159\u00e1telilo s\u00a0homosexu\u00e1ly, 45 % ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uje \u017did\u016fm a 54 % v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee Z\u00e1pad je nep\u0159\u00edtelem, kter\u00fd chce zni\u010dit isl\u00e1m. Nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivost v\u016f\u010di v\u0161em t\u0159em skupin\u00e1m vykazuje 26 % muslim\u016f (a pouze 1,6 % k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f).<\/p>\n

Tato data, podobn\u011b jako \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch (nap\u0159. od Pew Research Center), pouze ilustruj\u00ed to, co zde ozna\u010dujeme za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd probl\u00e9m v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed debat\u011b, tedy \u017ee muslimov\u00e9 v\u00a0Evrop\u011b jsou n\u00e1chyln\u00ed k\u00a0fundamentalismu a nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivosti. Evidentn\u011b se to net\u00fdk\u00e1 v\u0161ech muslim\u016f a samo o sob\u011b to neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee se jejich hodnotov\u00e9 postoje a n\u00e1zory projev\u00ed negativn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem v\u00a0jejich jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Potenci\u00e1l pro radikalizaci v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti muslimsk\u00e9 populace, nam\u00ed\u0159enou proti sekul\u00e1rn\u00edmu \u00fastavn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, v\u0161ak nesm\u00edme p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eet. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u0161ak mus\u00edme intenzivn\u011b hledat cesty, jak podpo\u0159it ty tendence mezi muslimy, kter\u00e9 je povedou k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edklonu k\u00a0hodnot\u00e1m liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie, a jak zabr\u00e1nit \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sklon\u016f, je\u017e jsou s t\u011bmito principy v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m rozporu. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou a nenahraditelnou roli v\u00a0t\u00e9to snaze budou m\u00edt sami muslimov\u00e9, a zejm\u00e9na ta zhruba jedna \u010dtvrtina z\u00a0nich, kterou bychom mohli ozna\u010dit jako um\u00edrn\u011bn\u00e9, liber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010di sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed muslimy, kte\u0159\u00ed odm\u00edtaj\u00ed prvky isl\u00e1mu, jen\u017e jsou neslu\u010diteln\u00e9 s\u00a0principy demokratick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Koment\u00e1\u0159 m\u016f\u017eete st\u00e1hnout ve form\u00e1tu pdf<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

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Radko Hokovsk\u00fd je v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm \u0159editelem think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty<\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Jakub Janda je z\u00e1stupcem \u0159editele think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty<\/i><\/p>\n

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Foto na hlavn\u00ed stran\u011b:\u00a0Olivier Ortelpa<\/a>,\u00a0CC BY 2.0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159i reflexi teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f, kter\u00e9 sp\u00e1chali radik\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1dist\u00e9 minul\u00fd t\u00fdden ve Francii, se znovu rozv\u00ed\u0159ila ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 debata o vztahu mezi isl\u00e1mem a islamismem, o sou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00a0muslimy v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a o tom, co je vlastn\u011b ten hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m, kter\u00e9mu v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti \u010del\u00edme. Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se s\u00a0\u0161irokou paletou interpretac\u00ed. Z\u00a0jednoho kraje n\u00e1s uji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee pachatel\u00e9 \u00fatok\u016f nemaj\u00ed s\u00a0muslimy a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nIsl\u00e1m v Evrop\u011b - kde p\u0159esn\u011b m\u00e1me probl\u00e9m? - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/en\/islam-v-evrope-kde-presne-mame-problem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Isl\u00e1m v Evrop\u011b - kde p\u0159esn\u011b m\u00e1me probl\u00e9m? - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"P\u0159i reflexi teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f, kter\u00e9 sp\u00e1chali radik\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1dist\u00e9 minul\u00fd t\u00fdden ve Francii, se znovu rozv\u00ed\u0159ila ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 debata o vztahu mezi isl\u00e1mem a islamismem, o sou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00a0muslimy v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a o tom, co je vlastn\u011b ten hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m, kter\u00e9mu v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti \u010del\u00edme. Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se s\u00a0\u0161irokou paletou interpretac\u00ed. 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