{"id":5212,"date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-04-16T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/kremlin-watch-briefing-mark-zuckerbergs-congressional-testimony\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:21:31","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:21:31","slug":"kremlin-watch-briefing-mark-zuckerbergs-congressional-testimony","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/kremlin-watch-briefing-mark-zuckerbergs-congressional-testimony\/","title":{"rendered":"Kremlin Watch Briefing: Mark Zuckerberg\u2019s congressional testimony"},"content":{"rendered":"

Weekly monitor of pro-Kremlin disinformation effort in Europe. We follow best European analysts, best counter-measures and trends.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Good morning,<\/p>\n

We have recently begun gathering\u00a0information about investigations into the Kremlin\u2019s influence operations conducted by national parliaments<\/strong>. Thus far, we are aware of cases in the United States, United Kingdom, and Singapore. If you have information about similar initiatives, we would love to hear from you! The European Values Think-Tank enthusiastically supports investigative efforts by national legislative bodies.<\/p>\n

Topics of the Week<\/h2>\n

How do\u00a0<\/em>Estonian intelligence service assess the threat the Kremlin<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0poses to Estonian national security?<\/em><\/p>\n

Read about\u00a0<\/em>Mark Zuckerberg\u2019s congressional testimony<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

New US sanctions are hitting Russia hard<\/strong><\/em>, sending the stock market tumbling and targeting the wealth and businesses of several oligarchs close to Putin.<\/em><\/p>\n

If you want to know\u00a0<\/em>what the Kremlin thinks of the situation Syria<\/em><\/strong>, read what its representatives say about it.<\/em><\/p>\n

Good Old Soviet Joke<\/h2>\n

Question to Radio Armenia: \u201cIs it possible to build Communism in a random capitalist country like, say, the Netherlands?\u201d<\/p>\n

Answer: \u201cOf course it\u2019s possible, but what have the Netherlands ever done to you?\u201d<\/p>\n

Policy & Research News<\/h2>\n

Syrian airstrikes: disinformation sparks fly<\/strong><\/p>\n

US, British and French\u00a0airstrikes<\/a>\u00a0on target locations in Damascus on Saturday sparked an immediate surge in Russian\u00a0disinformation activity<\/a>\u00a0online. According to Pentagon spokeswoman\u00a0Dana White<\/a>, \u201cthere has been a 2,000 percent increase in Russian trolls in the past 24 hours.\u201d<\/p>\n

While the world waits to find out what will happen next, the battle for the information space has already begun. Kremlin officials have repeatedly asserted that the attack had nothing to do with chemical weapons. According to the\u00a0New York Times<\/em>, General Sergei F. Rudskoi\u00a0stated<\/a>\u00a0in a briefing that the attack was actually \u201ca reaction to the successes of the Syrian armed forces in the struggle to liberate their territory from international terrorism.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kremlin-loyal media sources\u00a0reported<\/a>\u00a0that the attack was actually an attempt to impede inspectors from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) who were scheduled to assess the nature of the previous week\u2019s chemical weapons attacks. Other suspicious narratives are being spread in the Russian information space, including the story that Syrian missile defense systems\u00a0shot down<\/a>dozens of tomahawk missiles, which contradicts the Pentagon\u2019s assertion that no missiles were shot down and none\u00a0malfunctioned<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Kremlin\u2019s disinformation machine in Syria<\/strong><\/p>\n

After innumerable examples of the Kremlin\u2019s use of information operations, categorized by Ben Nimmo as\u00a04 Ds<\/a>: dismiss, distort, distract and dismay, should we really be surprised that the same arsenal of tools has been deployed to cover the tragic events in Syria after another chemical weapons attack against civilians? Of course not. In an article for\u00a0Snopes<\/a>, experts including Scott Lucas and Pat Hilsman describe how the Russian Federation prepared to launch disinformation operations even before its military presence in Syria and how trolls supportive of Syrian dictator Bashar al Assad operate online.<\/p>\n

GCHQ boss warns against cyber-threats from Russia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jeremy Fleming, head of the British Government Communication Headquarters,\u00a0spoke at the CyberUK conference<\/a>\u00a0in Manchester last week. Although the fight against Da\u2019esh propaganda was the main topic, he also touched upon the Kremlin\u2019s cyber-attacks on European countries. According to Fleming, the Kremlin is \u201cblurring the boundaries between criminal and state activity.\u201d He highlighted that the Russian Federation is not acting in accordance with international norms and, as examples, mentioned the NotPetya attack against Ukrainian financial, energy and government sectors, and also \u201cindustrial scale disinformation to sway public opinion\u201d.<\/p>\n

Estonian internal security and Russia in 2017<\/strong><\/p>\n

The 2017 annual review of the\u00a0Estonian Internal Security Service<\/a>, which is among the special services also functioning as an investigative agency and the rights of the police, states that while Estonians are mostly concerned by a possible terror act, the greatest problem in ensuring national security is still the threat to constitutional order that arises from the Kremlin\u2019s divisive policies. The review studies the security threats arising from the Kremlin\u2019s operations using three examples.<\/p>\n

The first is manipulation of the young. In accordance with Lavrov\u2019s statement in 2017, Moscow is paying increasing attention to establishing a network of sympathetic (and Russian-speaking) youth outside Russia and, in fact, began to lay the groundwork years ago. Several large events were organized for compatriot youth that Estonian youngsters participated in as well. Besides the fact that these events are highly appealing for youth, given that accommodation and travel expenses typically covered alongside free entertainment, the danger lies in the fact that\u00a0\u201cAs well as spreading Russia\u2019s world ideology and the Russian official interpretation of history, rebellious and easily manipulated people are sought at youth events to be recruited and exploited later. (\u2026)<\/em>\u00a0The Russian interpretation of World War II (including cultivating the myth of the Red Army as liberators) and the justification and glorification of Russian foreign policy is often at the core of the influence activities conducted during these events.\u201d<\/em>Moscow is also seeking to prevent Russian-speaking youth from assimilating into Estonian society, its sphere of values, and culture so that they can be better targeted for the Kremlin\u2019s divisive policies. Thus, Russian authorities collect personal data on participants and on people close to them, aiming to use them as a tool for reaching foreign policy goals while appearing to support the ambitions and success of these youngsters.<\/p>\n

The second tool to divide societies is to create public tension over memorials, paying consistent and increasing attention to history as propaganda. This approach was visible around the 9th of May campaigns distributing ribbons of the Cross of St George and the organization of \u201cImmortal Regiment\u201d marches and various road trips sporting provocative symbols outside Russia.<\/p>\n

Thirdly Moscow makes tremendous efforts to legitimize the annexation of Crimea, primarily by using \u201cpeople\u2019s diplomacy\u201d. To this end, a conference titled \u201cCrimea in the Modern International Context: The Friends of Crimea Forum\u201d was held in Yalta, resulting in the foundation of the international Association of Friends of Crimea. Russian TV channels continued to target Estonia in 2017. False statements and misinformation were knowingly presented in the guise of factual reports. The propaganda machine continuously associated Estonia with Nazism and xenophobia for depicting differences and causing enmity between different communities in the country.<\/p>\n

US Developments<\/h2>\n

Data privacy regulations and Zuckerberg\u2019s congressional hearing<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mark Zuckerberg testified in his first senate congressional hearings last week. The Facebook CEO was questioned by dozens of US Senators (many of whom demonstrated a concerning\u00a0lack of knowledge<\/a>\u00a0about the technical issues in question) and displayed a contrite\u00a0shift in tone<\/a>\u00a0in regard to Facebook\u2019s social responsibilities. Zuckerberg\u00a0acknowledged<\/a>\u00a0that \u201cwe didn\u2019t do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well,\u201d adding, \u201cand that goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections and hate speech, as well as developers and data privacy.\u201d<\/p>\n

Zuckerberg apologized for not doing enough to counteract disinformation and hate speech. He called Facebook\u2019s\u00a0inability<\/a>\u00a0to identify Russian disinformation efforts one of his \u201cbiggest regrets,\u201d stating that addressing this problem is a\u00a0major priority<\/a>\u00a0for him and Facebook in 2018. In his testimony, the CEO mentioned several strategies that Facebook is already implementing to counter disinformation influence, including\u00a0screening advertisers<\/a>\u00a0who post political or issue ads.\u00a0Zuckerberg lamented<\/a>\u00a0that new security measures will \u201csignificantly impact our profitability going forward,\u201d but added that \u201cprotecting our community is more important than maximizing our profits.\u201d Whether these comments will be reflected in concrete policy shifts at Facebook remains to be seen.<\/p>\n

The hearing also touched upon Facebook\u2019s\u00a0unfettered access to user data<\/a>, a fundamental aspect of the company\u2019s business model. Following revelations that\u00a0Cambridge Analytica<\/a>\u00a0collected the data of millions of Facebook users without their knowledge, many lawmakers are calling for tougher regulations on data privacy.<\/p>\n

During Zuckerberg\u2019s testimony, Steve Huffman, CEO of the discussion forum company Reddit,\u00a0announced<\/a>\u00a0the closing of 944 accounts linked to the Russian Internet Research Agency. Huffman stated that his company is cooperating with Congress on investigating this matter.<\/p>\n

Did Zuckerberg tell us what we wanted to know?<\/strong><\/p>\n

In an article for\u00a0Wired<\/a>, Molly McKew strongly criticizes the way Zuckerberg was questioned during his hearings, summarizing the five most problematic topics related to Russia he was not asked about or did not answer to. The questions focused on ads and promoted content from Russian entities, but these were far from the primary means of collecting information, promoting narratives and distributing content. The main tool, fake accounts posting \u201cnative\u201d content and building relationships with real users, went unscrutinized. Other overlooked issues were data sharing with Russia (by storing data in Russian servers as required by the country) and third-party apps scraping data. And the biggest missed opportunity was not asking whether Facebook has preserved all of the data and content connected to Russian information operations\u00a0and would make it available to researchers and intelligence agencies for evaluation. The involvement of Facebook employees in \u201cblack PR\u201d and coercive psychological operations remained untouched too, as did the storage of \u201ccustom audiences\u201d and Russian datasets from 2016 that could be compared to Cambridge Analytica and or Trump campaign data. Overall, Facebook\u2019s narrative of \u201cusers controlling their data\u201d is not convincing, and the fact that the hearings did not focus on the real threat posed by Russian hostile activities is highly worrisome.<\/p>\n

New US sanctions: impacts and responses<\/strong><\/p>\n

Major Russian companies have already taken significant hits on the Russian stock exchange and Moscow is maneuvering to respond to new US sanctions targeting oligarchs close to Putin. Investors\u00a0dropped<\/a>\u00a0Russian stocks and bonds following the sanctions, producing one of the\u00a0worst days<\/a>\u00a0for the Russian stock market since the 2014 annexation of Crimea. Still, while\u00a0oil prices<\/a>\u00a0remain relatively high, the sanctions are not expected to take a major toll on Russia\u2019s monolithic energy-based economy. Among the companies\u00a0hit hardest<\/a>\u00a0by these sanctions is the aluminum producer RUSAL, headed by Oleg Deripaska, who has ties to Paul Manafort. Its shares fell by more than 20 percent.<\/p>\n

According to the\u00a0New York Times<\/a><\/em>, the sanctions may also impact Russians in London after the US warned British banks that they may face penalties if they continue dealings with any of the 24 Russians included in the sanctions.<\/p>\n

The sanctions have created\u00a0uncertainty in Russia<\/a>\u00a0about its business dealings with the West. There is a strong possibility that this was only the first of a series of powerful blows from the US, although Trump has now\u00a0backtracked<\/a>\u00a0on new sanctions, overruling his advisers. The Kremlin is thus taking precautions and prepare for the future. Some\u00a0responses include<\/a>\u00a0establishing domestic tax havens, putting more of the economy under state control, and encouraging wealthy Russians to bring their money home.<\/p>\n

There is uncertainty about the\u00a0retaliatory measures<\/a>\u00a0Moscow will take in response to these sanctions. Although it has no significant economic leverage over the US, experts foresee the possibility for retaliatory action in the\u00a0Syrian or Ukrainian conflicts<\/a>\u00a0or perhaps against\u00a0US firms<\/a>\u00a0that have a strong physical presence in Russia, such as Boeing or Microsoft.<\/p>\n

The Kremlin\u2019s Current Narrative<\/h2>\n

Syria: ground for an awe-inspiring military performance<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Syrian war is the most dramatic military crisis of our times: a country left in ruins, millions of refugees, unthinkable crimes against humanity. The natural and humane reaction, one would think, is \u2018how do we stop this bloodletting and restore peace to start rebuilding the country?\u2019. But we already know that humanitarian concerns are beyond the interest of the Russian military leadership.<\/p>\n

\u201cBefore our eyes, Syria is turning into a stage on which a grand military performance will be played. Russian air defense systems will beat off a mass attack of American cruise missiles. The reputation of Russian weaponry is at stake.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0This is a statement for Vzglyad provided by a general in the\u00a0Russian Ministry of Defense<\/a>.\u00a0\u201cMilitary staff around the world will analyze this attack for a long time, this will be an important lesson […] We can say that the Soviet experts have prepared for this kind of battle 60 years ago. Soviet and Russian air defense systems are the best in the world but they have never had a real chance to prove this in battle. So this is time for a final test not only for Russian and Syrian soldiers but for the entire Russian air defense school.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Syria, just like Donbas, is simply a huge military testing ground for Russians. There is no mention of the civilians, of the war-torn state, of the endless suffering of millions. The only thing Russia really cares about is showing off its military capabilities in full grandeur and affirming its status as a military superpower. Keep that in mind the next time you hear Russian humanitarian declarations.<\/p>\n

Kremlin Watch Reading Suggestion<\/h2>\n

The Future of Political Warfare:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Russia, the West, and the coming age of Global Digital Competition<\/strong><\/p>\n

In a recent\u00a0study<\/a>\u00a0for the Brookings Institution, Alina Polyakova and Spencer P. Boyer review a number of tactics that the Kremlin has deployed in its political war against the West. It also highlights future shortcomings and lays out concrete steps which Western governments and the private sector should implement in order to mitigate the future effects of malicious foreign political warfare. Specifically, the authors identify the emerging threats posed by the evolution of new technologies intersecting with political warfare and influence campaigns. The effects of some of these emerging threats have already been witnessed, albeit on a smaller scale. These emerging threats are: sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) able to mimic human behaviour used to create bots and fake accounts, thereby making detection harder; the accumulation of private data collected on social media platforms used in malicious ways, as the recent revelations about Cambridge Analytica have illustrated; the possibility of using \u2018deep fakes\u2019, technologies fabricating realistic video and audio clips of anyone; and cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure, as Russia has been doing in Ukraine since 2014.<\/p>\n

To counter this, the study suggests several steps:\u00a0increase information sharing<\/strong>between Western governments and the private sector;\u00a0strengthen information security<\/strong>\u00a0by reviewing and strengthening vulnerable systems (tech and social media companies should implement ways of detecting and removing fake and automated accounts and prevent malicious actors from buying targeted ads);\u00a0invest in research<\/strong>of how technological advances will affect our societies; and\u00a0develop AI-driven detection techniques<\/strong>\u00a0to counter malicious uses of AI. Western governments also need to develop a deterrence strategy against foreign political warfare.<\/p>\n

Subscribe to Kremlin Watch Briefing!<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

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Weekly monitor of pro-Kremlin disinformation effort in Europe. 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