{"id":5033,"date":"2013-10-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-10-05T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/kam-povede-nemecko-po-volbach-unii\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:20:47","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:20:47","slug":"kam-povede-nemecko-po-volbach-unii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/kam-povede-nemecko-po-volbach-unii\/","title":{"rendered":"Kam povede N\u011bmecko po volb\u00e1ch Unii?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 kroky v r\u00e1mci evropsk\u00e9 integrace \u010dekaj\u00ed Angelu Merkelovou po jej\u00edm znovuzvolen\u00ed? Jak zajistit projektu bankovn\u00ed unie dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed? A mohou u\u017e Turci cestovat po Schengenu bez v\u00edz?<\/i><\/h1>\n

V\u00edt\u011bzkou n\u011bmeck\u00fdch voleb se ji\u017e pot\u0159et\u00ed za sebou stala Angela Merkelov\u00e1. Co to ale znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU)? Bude politika nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho evropsk\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010de sou\u010dasnosti konzistentn\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e z dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu dob\u0159e \u010diteln\u00e1? Tak \u010di tak, u\u017e dnes m\u016f\u017eeme vyhodnotit hlavn\u00ed t\u00e9mata, kter\u00fdmi se bude staronov\u00e1 kancl\u00e9\u0159ka ve sv\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed zab\u00fdvat. P\u016fjde nap\u0159\u00edklad o sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed demokratick\u00e9ho deficitu na \u00farovni instituc\u00ed EU, o energetickou sob\u011bsta\u010dnost a trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj, o prohlouben\u00ed bankovn\u00ed unie a jej\u00ed ochranu\u00a0p\u0159ed jak\u00fdmkoli ne\u010dekan\u00fdm kolapsem nebo o harmonizaci migra\u010dn\u00edch a azylov\u00fdch politik, je\u017e se zejm\u00e9na v posledn\u00edch dnech stala jednou z nejpal\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek integrace. Nad \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm t\u011bchto a jin\u00fdch podobn\u011b zapeklit\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f se je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed Merkelovou zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 think-tanky.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Co kdy\u017e p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed krize ude\u0159\u00ed na bankovn\u00ed unii? V\u00fdzva k\u00a0nouzov\u00e9 klauzuli<\/a><\/h1>\n

What if the Next Financial Crisis Hits the Banking Union? A Call for an \u201cIf All Else Fails\u201d Clause?<\/i><\/h3>\n

Stijn Verhelst; Egmont<\/h3>\n

\u00a0Ni\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed krize donutily regul\u00e1tory po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b k\u00a0u\u010din\u011bn\u00ed dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fdch krok\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem prevence podobn\u00fdch kriz\u00ed v\u00a0budoucnosti. EU \u010del\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed reformn\u00ed v\u00fdzv\u011b. Mus\u00ed p\u0159etnout za\u010darovan\u00fd kruh mezi zem\u011bmi euroz\u00f3ny a jejich bankami, kter\u00fd se bolestiv\u011b projevil pr\u00e1v\u011b b\u011bhem posledn\u00ed krize. Evrop\u0161t\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i se rozhodli zav\u00e9st bankovn\u00ed unii, je\u017e p\u0159enese kontrolu bankovn\u00edho sektoru na evropskou \u00farove\u0148 a jako d\u016fsledek p\u0159etne onen bludn\u00fd kruh, kter\u00fd jednotliv\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm znemo\u017e\u0148oval efektivn\u011b \u0159e\u0161it podstatu dom\u00e1c\u00ed krize. Bankovn\u00ed unie umo\u017en\u00ed euroz\u00f3n\u011b (a dal\u0161\u00edm dobrovoln\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm) l\u00e9pe odpov\u011bd\u011bt na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed turbulence, ale budou p\u0159ijat\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e1, pokud ude\u0159\u00ed krize v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozsahu?<\/p>\n

Pokud bude bankovn\u00ed unie dokon\u010dena, p\u011bt hlavn\u00edch obrann\u00fdch zd\u00ed by m\u011blo zabr\u00e1nit dal\u0161\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm kriz\u00edm: Finan\u010dn\u00ed regulace a bankovn\u00ed dohled z\u00a0evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b (SSM); jednotn\u00e1 pravidla pro krizov\u00fd management (SRM); princip bail-in (o\u010des\u00e1n\u00ed akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f a v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f), kter\u00fd alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159enese \u00fa\u010det za finan\u010dn\u00ed krizi na samotn\u00e9 banky; restrukturaliza\u010dn\u00ed fond napln\u011bn\u00fd bankami; a p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 rekapitalizace skrze Evropsk\u00fd stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed mechanismus (ESM). A\u010dkoliv ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u011bchto opat\u0159en\u00ed \u0159e\u0161\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fd z\u00a0aspekt\u016f mo\u017en\u00e9ho krizov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, m\u00e1 v\u017edy i sv\u00e9 nedostatky. Spole\u010dn\u00fd dohled nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edej\u00edt v\u0161em kriz\u00edm, palebn\u00e1 s\u00edla ESM (60 mld. euro) nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u00e1, bail-in m\u016f\u017ee prohloubit finan\u010dn\u00ed paniku atd.<\/p>\n

Kv\u016fli t\u011bmto v\u00fdhrad\u00e1m se m\u016f\u017ee fin\u00e1ln\u00ed koncept bankovn\u00ed unie uk\u00e1zat jako nedostate\u010dn\u00fd. Bude proto pot\u0159eba n\u011bjak\u00e9ho instrumentu posledn\u00ed instance \u2013 klauzule, je\u017e bude aktivov\u00e1na, pokud v\u0161e ostatn\u00ed sel\u017ee. Mohlo by se jednat nap\u0159. o mo\u017enost p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 linky od ESM a \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f k restrukturaliza\u010dn\u00edmu fondu, nebo nast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed obrys\u016f postupu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti koordinovan\u00e9ho bail-outu v\u0161emi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty (a mechanismu, jak\u00fdm se budou dan\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edmat). Jeliko\u017e klauzule \u0159e\u0161\u00ed pouze budouc\u00ed probl\u00e9my, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako zp\u016fsob poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, nikoli skryt\u00fd n\u00e1stroj fisk\u00e1ln\u00edch transfer\u016f. Stijn Verhelst d\u00e1le p\u0159edstavuje mo\u017enosti, jak tuto klauzuli zakomponovat do legislativn\u00edho r\u00e1mce a argumentuje, \u017ee by m\u011bla b\u00fdt politicky pr\u016fchodn\u00e1, nebo\u0165 je v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, aby dal\u0161\u00ed krize nebyla prov\u00e1zena nejistotou a nerozhodnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se m\u016f\u017ee velice prodra\u017eit.<\/p>\n


<\/b><\/p>\n

Ture\u010dt\u00ed turist\u00e9 a evropsk\u00e9 soudnictv\u00ed: Rozhodnut\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadu Demirkan a ot\u00e1zka bezv\u00edzov\u00e9ho cestov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/h2>\n

Turkish tourists and European justice: The Demirkan ruling and how Turkey can obtain visa-free travel<\/i><\/h3>\n

European Stability Initiative<\/h3>\n

\u00a0Evropsk\u00fd soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr (ESD) vydal 24. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2013 jedno z\u00a0nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed leto\u0161n\u00edho roku, a to v\u00a0z\u00e1le\u017eitosti bezv\u00edzov\u00e9ho vstupu tureck\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f do EU. K\u00a0jejich velk\u00e9mu zklam\u00e1n\u00ed rozhodl, \u017ee nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00edzovou povinnost plo\u0161n\u011b zru\u0161it.<\/p>\n

Turkyni Leyle Demirkan byla n\u011bmeck\u00fdm konzul\u00e1tem zam\u00edtnuta \u017e\u00e1dost o v\u00edzum.\u00a0 \u017dena rozporovala rozhodnut\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed cestou a p\u0159\u00edpad se dostal a\u017e p\u0159ed ESD. Sv\u016fj postup op\u0159ela o dojedn\u00e1n\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00e9 v Asocia\u010dn\u00ed dohod\u011b (AD) mezi Tureckem a EU z\u00a0roku 1963, kter\u00e1, jak si myslela, m\u011bla umo\u017e\u0148ovat bezv\u00edzov\u00fd styk se zem\u011bmi EU a samotn\u00fd po\u017eadavek v\u00edza byl tedy neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00edzov\u00e1 politika N\u011bmecka byla ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve napadena tureck\u00fdmi podnikateli, po kter\u00fdch bylo po\u017eadov\u00e1no v\u00edzum, p\u0159esto\u017ee m\u011bli po\u017e\u00edvat svobody poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb, dojednan\u00e9 v jednom z\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f AD. Zde se ob\u011b strany zav\u00e1zaly, \u017ee nebudou zav\u00e1d\u011bt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nov\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, tedy ani v\u00edzovou povinnost, v oblasti poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb. V\u00a0jejich p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ESD rozhodl v\u00a0roce 2009 o neopr\u00e1vn\u011bnosti po\u017eadavku v\u00edza ze strany N\u011bmecka. Rozhodnut\u00ed se zd\u00e1lo pr\u016flomov\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee \u00a0AD nezakazuje v\u00edza per se<\/i>, ale zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch restriktivn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. \u010cili v\u00a0zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eadovaly po tureck\u00fdch ob\u010danech v\u00edza p\u0159ed uzav\u0159en\u00edm AD, mohlo toto opat\u0159en\u00ed leg\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159etrvat i po n\u011bm.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadu Demirkan se diskuse to\u010dila okolo mo\u017enost\u00ed interpretace t\u00e9to svobody slu\u017eeb, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jejich p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed cizinci v EU. Odborn\u00edci osloven\u00ed ESD vysv\u011btlovali \u010dl\u00e1nek z\u00a0AD jako opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 napomoci ekonomick\u00e9mu rozvoji Turecka a v\u016fbec se net\u00fdk\u00e1 turismu v\u00a0zem\u00edch EU. Sou\u010dasn\u011b mezi \u010dleny EU p\u0159evl\u00e1dal pocit, \u017ee v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zru\u0161en\u00ed v\u00edzov\u00e9 povinnosti by do\u0161lo k\u00a0masov\u00e9 migraci z\u00a0Turecka.\u00a0 ESD tedy rozhodl, \u017ee voln\u00fd pohyb osob nen\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btem AD a Demirkan se sv\u00fdm odvol\u00e1n\u00edm neusp\u011bla.<\/p>\n

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Memo pro Merkelovou: N\u011bmecko a Evropa po volb\u00e1ch<\/a><\/h1>\n

Memo to Merkel: Post-election Germany and Europe<\/i><\/h3>\n

Daniela Schwarzer a Guntram B. Wolff; Bruegel<\/h3>\n

\u00a0Ekonomick\u00e1 situace v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii (EU) se zotavuje, nicm\u00e9n\u011b je t\u0159eba vyhnout se ur\u010dit\u00fdm rizik\u016fm, kter\u00e1 by mohla ohrozit budouc\u00ed r\u016fst. A N\u011bmecko m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dispozice k\u00a0tomu, aby se stalo l\u00eddrem v\u00a0budouc\u00ed integraci euroz\u00f3ny. Nov\u00e1 n\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da bude muset \u010delit dvoj\u00ed v\u00fdzv\u011b p\u0159i vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed strategie budouc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a m\u011bnov\u00e9 unie. Zaprv\u00e9 se mus\u00ed vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edmi ekonomick\u00fdmi politikami maj\u00edc\u00edmi vliv na harmonizaci euroz\u00f3ny a zadruh\u00e9 by se m\u011bla zam\u011b\u0159it na v\u00fdvoj vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed v\u00a0euroz\u00f3n\u011b a struktury krizov\u00e9ho managementu ve vztahu k\u00a0bankovn\u00ed a fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed unii. Ke\u00a0zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed a politick\u00e9 nestability v\u00a0kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m a\u017e st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku by mohly N\u011bmecku pomoci t\u0159i n\u00e1vrhy: navr\u00e1cen\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy euroz\u00f3n\u011b, dokon\u010den\u00ed bankovn\u00ed unie a p\u0159\u00edslib r\u016fstu a pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst pro mlad\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Stabilizaci euroz\u00f3ny by mohlo N\u011bmecko zajistit dom\u00e1c\u00edmi investicemi, vylep\u0161en\u00edm imigra\u010dn\u00edch politik a zdokonalen\u00edm pracovn\u00ed mobility v\u00a0EU a liberalizac\u00ed sektoru slu\u017eeb. V\u0161echny tyto kroky jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed konkurenceschopnosti v\u00a0euroz\u00f3n\u011b, co\u017e by zajistilo udr\u017eitelnost ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch financ\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u00edch zasa\u017een\u00fdch kriz\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed prioritou pro N\u011bmecko by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dokon\u010den\u00ed bankovn\u00ed unie, n\u00e1sledn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jednotn\u00e9ho mechanismu pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bankovn\u00edch kriz\u00ed a dohoda, jak sd\u00edlet b\u0159emeno mezi soukrom\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli, pl\u00e1tci dan\u00ed a spole\u010dn\u00fdm fondem. Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst by m\u011blo N\u011bmecko po\u017eadovat reformy, kter\u00e9 by vedly ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed podm\u00ednek pracovn\u00edho trhu, nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed r\u016fstov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro podniky a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed jejich konkurenceschopnosti. Nad\u00e1le by m\u011blo podpo\u0159it vznik Evropsk\u00e9ho fondu pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Utu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 unie by mohlo v\u00e9st k\u00a0odrazen\u00ed ne\u010dlensk\u00fdch zem\u00ed do n\u00ed vstoupit. C\u00edlem N\u011bmecka by tedy m\u011blo b\u00fdt pos\u00edlen\u00ed jej\u00ed demokrati\u010dnosti a pru\u017enosti sou\u010dasn\u011b s\u00a0udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm a upevn\u011bn\u00edm struktur jednotn\u00e9ho trhu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 nen\u00ed v\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00e9m dlouhodob\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu oslabov\u00e1n\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch instituc\u00ed \u010di prohlubov\u00e1n\u00ed nedostatku odpov\u011bdnosti na unijn\u00ed \u00farovni a legitimity. V\u00a0mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu je N\u011bmecko nejenom ohniskem rozhodovac\u00edho procesu, ale i politick\u00e9 resistence.<\/p>\n

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Sout\u011b\u017eiv\u00e1 dvourychlostn\u00ed politika: V\u00fdchodn\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed po roce 2013?<\/a><\/i><\/h1>\n

A Competitive Two-speed Policy: The Eastern Partnership Beyond 2013?<\/i><\/h3>\n

El\u017cbieta Kaca, Kinga Dudzi\u0144ska a Karolina Zubel; Polish Institute for International Affairs<\/h3>\n

\u00a0V\u00fdchodn\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed je projekt v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 politiky sousedstv\u00ed, kter\u00fd si klade za c\u00edl prohlouben\u00ed vztah\u016f mezi Evropskou uni\u00ed (EU) a st\u00e1ty v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e9ho prostoru a Kavkazu. Vznikl na z\u00e1klad\u011b polsko-\u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho impulsu v roce 2008 a po \u010dty\u0159ech letech sv\u00e9 existence vstupuje podle autor\u016f z Polsk\u00e9ho institutu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztah\u016f do kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 etapy.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sadn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem v \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je podle autor\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm r\u016fznorodost dot\u010den\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b skupiny. Prvn\u00ed skupina zem\u00ed (Mold\u00e1vie, Gruzie) usiluje o hlub\u0161\u00ed ekonomickou spolupr\u00e1ci s EU, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1 (B\u011blorusko, \u00c1zerb\u00e1jd\u017e\u00e1n, Arm\u00e9nie) je nav\u00e1z\u00e1na sp\u00ed\u0161e na Rusko a \u010c\u00ednu. A Ukrajina zm\u00edt\u00e1na vnit\u0159n\u00ed kriz\u00ed stoj\u00ed n\u011bkde uprost\u0159ed. Efektivn\u00ed a realistick\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 politika by toto m\u011bla zohled\u0148ovat sv\u00fdm dvourychlostn\u00edm nastaven\u00edm. Zem\u011b hloub\u011bji v rusk\u00e9 \u010di \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt tla\u010deny do rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 by vyhovovala st\u00e1t\u016fm bl\u00edzko hranice Unie. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch a rusk\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f v regionu, kter\u00e9 se ost\u0159eji prosazuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v souvislosti s evropskou kriz\u00ed, d\u00e1le zv\u00fdraz\u0148uje nutnost vytvo\u0159en\u00ed sout\u011b\u017eiv\u00e9ho V\u00fdchodn\u00edho partnerstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by dok\u00e1zalo t\u011bmto z\u00e1jm\u016fm \u010delit. To dokazuje i \u010derstv\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va, kter\u00e1 zviditelnila velmi asertivn\u00ed politiku Moskvy, j\u00ed\u017e se poda\u0159ilo prosadit v Arm\u00e9nii ruskou celn\u00ed unii (neslu\u010ditelnou s projektem EU) a z\u00edskat ji tak na svou stranu.<\/p>\n

Auto\u0159i studie d\u00e1le kritizuj\u00ed nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u00ed zakotven\u00ed rozhodovac\u00edch procedur mezi Evropskou komis\u00ed a Evropskou slu\u017ebou pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed akci, kter\u00e9 vede ke konflikt\u016fm mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma institucemi na \u00fakor vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 politiky a n\u00edzk\u00e9 priority V\u00fdchodn\u00edho partnerstv\u00ed v r\u00e1mci vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktury ESVA. Studie d\u00e1le obsahuje s\u00e9rii p\u0159ipom\u00ednek k V\u00fdchodn\u00edmu partnerstv\u00ed od d\u016frazu na multilater\u00e1ln\u00ed charakter politick\u00fdch krok\u016f v regionu p\u0159es snahu obej\u00edt vl\u00e1dy v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch a pokusit se o co nejp\u0159\u00edm\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontakt s ob\u010dansk\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi skrze tamn\u00ed neziskov\u00e9 organizace.<\/p>\n

\n

Islandsk\u00e1 s\u00e1ga:\u00a0 Vzdaluje se Island \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce od Evropy?<\/a><\/h1>\n

\u00a0Iceland and Europe: Drifting further apart?<\/i><\/p>\n

Alyson J.K. Bailes a Baldur Thorhallsson; The Finnish Institute of International Affairs<\/h3>\n

\u00a0Pot\u00e9, co byl Island v\u00a0roce 2008 postihnut jako jedna z\u00a0nejv\u00edce zasa\u017een\u00fdch zem\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed kriz\u00ed, za\u017e\u00edval na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch seversk\u00fdch zem\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed politick\u00e9 pozdvi\u017een\u00ed. A nejen to, jeho v\u00fdsledkem bylo jednak pos\u00edlen\u00ed pozice proevropsk\u00fdch aktivist\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zasazuj\u00ed o p\u0159ijet\u00ed pod ochrann\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddla Evropsk\u00e9 unie, a jednak nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, a to nahrazen\u00ed islandsk\u00e9 kr\u00f3ny\u00a0 eurem.<\/p>\n

O p\u011bt let pozd\u011bji v\u0161echny pr\u016fzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatel mal\u00e9ho ostrova je proti vstupu Islandu do Unie. P\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed proces a jedn\u00e1n\u00ed budou v\u0161ak nad\u00e1le pokra\u010dovat, aby se na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich v\u00fdsledk\u016f mohli obyvatel\u00e9 rozhodnout, zda Island do Unie vstoup\u00ed, \u010di nikoliv. Nov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da v\u00a0\u010dele s\u00a0premi\u00e9rem Gunnlagussonem ve sv\u00e9m prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed prosadila \u201epauzu\u201c ve\u00a0vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vstupn\u00edch podm\u00ednek do\u00a0EU.<\/p>\n

Jak to vypad\u00e1, Island se usilovn\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s\u00a0probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 vznikly v\u00a0roce 2008, ale jejich vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je zat\u00edm v\u00a0nedohlednu. V\u0161echny tyto probl\u00e9my mohou b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeny pr\u00e1v\u011b netradi\u010dn\u00edm postaven\u00edm Islandu na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm poli. Island jako jedin\u00e1 seversk\u00e1 zem\u011b nem\u00e1 vojensk\u00e9 slo\u017eky a pln\u011b spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na ochranu Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f skrze NATO. Islandsko-americk\u00e9 vztahy byly nav\u00e1z\u00e1ny roku 1944, kdy Washington nab\u00eddl Islandu jak ekonomickou, tak strategickou ochranu v\u00fdm\u011bnou za um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed americk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny v\u00a0Keflav\u00edku. Na rozd\u00edl od USA, Evropa byla v\u017edy sp\u00ed\u0161e vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako uzurp\u00e1tor, kter\u00fd ohro\u017euje nez\u00e1vislost ostrova a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jeho zdroje. B\u011bhem vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nenastaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my ohledn\u011b zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky \u010di ochrany st\u00e1tu, nejv\u00edce citliv\u00fdm t\u00e9matem se v\u0161ak stala kontrola zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b rybolovu.<\/p>\n

U\u017e od roku 2009 vyvol\u00e1val nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nevoli vstoupit do Unie program na z\u00e1chranu islandsk\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho sektoru \u201eIcesave\u201c, n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj finan\u010dn\u00ed krize a jej\u00ed dopad na mal\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Nyn\u00ed nov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da vyhl\u00e1sila, \u017ee islandsk\u00e1 kr\u00f3na z\u016fstane n\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnou, aby se Island vyvaroval diktov\u00e1n\u00ed podm\u00ednek euroz\u00f3ny, jak se tomu stalo v\u00a0Irsku \u010di na Kypru.\u00a0 Ov\u0161em jako \u010dlen Evropsk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho prostoru (EHP) je Island povinn\u00fd implementovat na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed EU, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed siln\u00fd vliv na ekonomickou situaci ostrova.<\/p>\n

Islandsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da se v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti poohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed po jin\u00e9m partnerovi, kter\u00fd by mu nab\u00eddl tolik pot\u0159ebnou ochranu, proto\u017ee skute\u010dn\u00e1 hrozba se dnes nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9 a jin\u00e9 \u201esoft\u201c sf\u00e9\u0159e.\u00a0 Partnerstv\u00ed s\u00a0\u010c\u00ednou \u010di Indi\u00ed by mohlo p\u0159in\u00e9st pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 investice, kter\u00e9 by povzbudily ekonomiku st\u00e1tu dlouhodob\u011bji. Nejen to, ale i budov\u00e1n\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed seversko- z\u00e1padn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Gr\u00f3nskem a Faersk\u00fdmi ostrovy se m\u016f\u017ee Island dostat na pozici nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho seversk\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010de, kter\u00fd bude paradoxn\u011b spojovat celou arktickou oblast s\u00a0Evropou pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky jeho \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EHP.<\/p>\n

Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed hlavn\u011b sami sob\u011b: \u0160est zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak reformovat financov\u00e1n\u00ed neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed<\/a><\/h1>\n

Helping Themselves: Six ways to reform EU Funding of NGO\u2019s<\/i><\/h3>\n

Adolfas Mackonis a Zilvinas Silenas; New Direction: The Foundation for European Reform<\/h3>\n

\u00a0P\u0159esto\u017ee neziskov\u00e9 organizace (NO) by m\u011bly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm reprezentovat z\u00e1jmy ob\u010dan\u016f, studie poukazuje na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee finan\u010dn\u00ed politika Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u016f\u010di neziskov\u00fdm organizac\u00edm je \u010dasto nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e1 a v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m rozporu se z\u00e1jmy a preferencemi ob\u010dan\u016f EU.<\/p>\n

Svou finan\u010dn\u00ed politikou EU sp\u00ed\u0161e podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1klady ob\u010dansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, ne\u017e aby je posilovala. V\u00a0rozporu s\u00a0preferencemi ob\u010dan\u016f putuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 60 % dotac\u00ed neziskov\u00fdm organizac\u00edm zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm se humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed a rozvojovou pomoc\u00ed nebo environment\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed. Pom\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1no preferencemi soukrom\u00fdch d\u00e1rc\u016f, tyto typy organizac\u00ed by m\u011bly dost\u00e1vat pouh\u00fdch 10 %. Pokud je nav\u00edc \u010dinnost neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed m\u00edsto soukrom\u00fdmi d\u00e1rci sponzorov\u00e1na z\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu, nemaj\u00ed NO pot\u0159ebu usilovat o podporu sv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f ob\u010danskou spole\u010dnost\u00ed.\u00a0 A proto\u017ee evropsk\u00e9 granty p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st rozpo\u010dtu t\u011bchto organizac\u00ed, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee ty podporuj\u00ed agendu evropsk\u00fdch instituc\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e z\u00e1jmy ob\u010dansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. T\u00edm ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svoji nez\u00e1vislost. Klienty neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed jsou pak m\u00edsto ob\u010dan\u016f evrop\u0161t\u00ed politici a NO legitimizuj\u00ed jejich z\u00e1jmy, proto\u017ee realizuj\u00ed hlavn\u011b projekty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed \u0161anci na z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed grant\u016f. Krom toho neziskov\u00e9 organizace neu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 pen\u00edze pouze k\u00a0poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, ale tak\u00e9 k\u00a0lobbov\u00e1n\u00ed za politickou agendu, kter\u00e1 by jim zajistila je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dotace.<\/p>\n

Pokud chce EU pokra\u010dovat v\u00a0prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f (jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nich je i rozvoj ob\u010dansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti) prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, m\u011blo by doj\u00edt k\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00ed reform\u011b jejich financov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by odstranila sou\u010dasn\u00e9 nedostatky. Auto\u0159i navrhuj\u00ed \u0161est krok\u016f, jak toho dos\u00e1hnout:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Rozd\u011blovat finance podle preferenc\u00ed samotn\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/li>\n
  2. S\u00a0opakovan\u00fdmi \u017e\u00e1dostmi o dotace by m\u011bla EU sni\u017eovat v\u00fd\u0161i sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f, a t\u00edm p\u0159im\u011bt neziskov\u00e9 organizace,\u00a0aby nespol\u00e9haly jen na p\u0159\u00edjmy z\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch financ\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  3. Sou\u010dasn\u011b by m\u011bla sn\u00ed\u017eit maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ku dotac\u00ed tak, aby v\u011bt\u0161ina p\u0159ich\u00e1zela od soukrom\u00fdch d\u00e1rc\u016f.<\/li>\n
  4. Pravidla pro ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed grant\u016f by m\u011bla b\u00fdt nastavena stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch zak\u00e1zek.<\/li>\n
  5. Neziskov\u00e9 organizace, jejich\u017e \u010dlenov\u00e9 jsou politicky \u010dinn\u00ed, by nem\u011bly m\u00edt n\u00e1rok na dotace.<\/li>\n
  6. Zv\u00fd\u0161it transparentnost procesu financov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Riskantn\u00ed zdroje \u2013 \u010cas na nov\u00fd zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup<\/a><\/h3>\n

    Risky resources \u2013 Time to frame an EU approach to meeting the resource challenge<\/i><\/h3>\n

    Annika Ahtonen a Andrea Frontini; European Policy Center<\/h3>\n

    \u00a0Sv\u011bt \u010del\u00ed v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b enormn\u00edmu n\u00e1r\u016fstu ni\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, jako jsou zdroje energie, vody, p\u016fdy a potravin. Jen do roku 2050 se po\u010det obyvatel Zem\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed ze sou\u010dasn\u00fdch 7 na 9 miliard. Takov\u00fdto rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace b\u011bhem tak kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 doby p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00fdmi se bude muset sv\u011bt, ale zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak Evropa zab\u00fdvat. Samotn\u00e1 Evropa je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zadavatelem t\u011b\u017eby surovin na sv\u011bt\u011b. Import EU, kter\u00fd v\u00a0roce 2010 dos\u00e1hl neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch 528 miliard eur, je tvo\u0159en z 30 % surovinami a zdroji. Evropa je tak siln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00edch a jej\u00ed osud le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0rukou zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b Rusku a \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n

    V zem\u00edch, jako je \u010c\u00edna, Indie a Braz\u00edlie, vede zost\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed se konkuren\u010dn\u00ed boj o suroviny k\u00a0protekcionismu, a tak p\u0159edstavuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy pro dovoz zdroj\u016f do EU. Nepokoje v\u00a0podob\u011b arabsk\u00e9ho jara<\/i> mohou tyto ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 tendence je\u0161t\u011b vyhrotit.<\/p>\n

    P\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed t\u011bmto neblah\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem by m\u011bla vy\u0159e\u0161it vnit\u0159n\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategie pro udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj EU. Evropsk\u00e1 komise by m\u011bla stanovit povinn\u00e9 c\u00edle pro energetickou \u00fa\u010dinnost a tak\u00e9 pomoci vytvo\u0159it vnit\u0159n\u00ed trh pro v\u00fdrobky a slu\u017eby, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed vyvinout v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a institucemi v oblasti v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje, nav\u00fd\u0161it ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 a soukrom\u00e9 investice do ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch produkt\u016f a slu\u017eeb. Evropa tak\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuje vybudovat znalostn\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu o \u00fa\u010dinnosti zdroj\u016f. EU pot\u0159ebuje komplexn\u00ed statistick\u00fd r\u00e1mec v oblasti efektivn\u00edho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edt pro strategick\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010clensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty by m\u011bly harmonizovat sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, syst\u00e9my m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a ukazatele pro \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f. Informace pro spot\u0159ebitele mus\u00ed b\u00fdt transparentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a inteligentn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed spot\u0159eby m\u016f\u017ee hr\u00e1t d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v tomto ohledu.<\/p>\n

    Pos\u00edlen\u00ed postaven\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u016f vy\u017eaduje nejen to, \u017ee se jim zlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k informac\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 \u017ee se jim poskytne p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost jednat kdykoliv na vlastn\u00ed vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. EU by m\u011bla b\u00fdt vzorem pro v\u0161echny zem\u011b sv\u011bta, kde je aktivn\u011b aplikov\u00e1na politika \u0161etrn\u00e1 k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Tyto vyty\u010den\u00e9 c\u00edle v\u0161ak budou st\u00e1t velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed, a to jak na dom\u00e1c\u00ed (n\u00e1rodn\u00ed), tak i na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni. Jedin\u011b tak se ale m\u016f\u017eeme vyhnout p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 krizi nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f.<\/p>\n

    ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Jak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 kroky v r\u00e1mci evropsk\u00e9 integrace \u010dekaj\u00ed Angelu Merkelovou po jej\u00edm znovuzvolen\u00ed? Jak zajistit projektu bankovn\u00ed unie dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed? A mohou u\u017e Turci cestovat po Schengenu bez v\u00edz? V\u00edt\u011bzkou n\u011bmeck\u00fdch voleb se ji\u017e pot\u0159et\u00ed za sebou stala Angela Merkelov\u00e1. Co to ale znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU)? Bude politika nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho evropsk\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010de sou\u010dasnosti […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nKam povede N\u011bmecko po volb\u00e1ch Unii? - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/kam-povede-nemecko-po-volbach-unii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kam povede N\u011bmecko po volb\u00e1ch Unii? - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 kroky v r\u00e1mci evropsk\u00e9 integrace \u010dekaj\u00ed Angelu Merkelovou po jej\u00edm znovuzvolen\u00ed? Jak zajistit projektu bankovn\u00ed unie dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed? A mohou u\u017e Turci cestovat po Schengenu bez v\u00edz? V\u00edt\u011bzkou n\u011bmeck\u00fdch voleb se ji\u017e pot\u0159et\u00ed za sebou stala Angela Merkelov\u00e1. Co to ale znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU)? 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