{"id":5020,"date":"2013-08-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-08-24T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/jaky-zajem-ma-eu-na-arktide-a-meli-bychom-mit-obavy-z-nemecke-hegemonie\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:20:33","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:20:33","slug":"jaky-zajem-ma-eu-na-arktide-a-meli-bychom-mit-obavy-z-nemecke-hegemonie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/jaky-zajem-ma-eu-na-arktide-a-meli-bychom-mit-obavy-z-nemecke-hegemonie\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00fd z\u00e1jem m\u00e1 EU na Arktid\u011b? A m\u011bli bychom m\u00edt obavy z n\u011bmeck\u00e9 hegemonie?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak je v Unii vn\u00edm\u00e1na vedouc\u00ed role N\u011bmecka – a jak vid\u00ed samo sebe? Jsou arktick\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy EU zejm\u00e9na surovinov\u00e9ho r\u00e1zu? Bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se arktick\u00e1 v\u00e1lka? Dok\u00e1\u017ee litevsk\u00e9 p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed zlep\u0161it vztahy EU s B\u011bloruskem, nebo by to jen znamenalo dal\u0161\u00ed ochlazen\u00ed vztah\u016f s Ruskem? T\u011bmto a dal\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9mat\u016fm se v\u011bnuj\u00ed n\u00e1mi vybran\u00e9 studie pro tento t\u00fdden.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli se v\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9 kotlin\u011b v\u00a0posledn\u00edch t\u00fddnech s\u00a0aktualitami \u2013 co se t\u00fd\u010de politick\u00e9ho zpravodajstv\u00ed a publicistiky \u2013 tak\u0159ka \u201eroztrhl pytel\u201c, dennodenn\u00ed hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o tom, kdo s\u00a0k\u00fdm bude kandidovat kde a za kolik, nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b bavit ka\u017ed\u00e9ho a leckoho m\u016f\u017ee dokonce za\u010d\u00edt brzy nudit. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto jsme nelenili a ji\u017e podvan\u00e1ct\u00e9 pro v\u00e1s p\u0159ipravili v\u00fdb\u011br toho nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, o \u010dem se v\u00a0Evrop\u011b skute\u010dn\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d st\u00e1ty i politick\u00fdm spektrem. M\u016f\u017eete se tak p\u0159iu\u010dit n\u011bco v\u00edce o nutnosti konzistentn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 a fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky; o euroatlantick\u00e9m sna\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0boji proti finan\u010dn\u00edmu terorismu, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 v\u0161ak sv\u00e1 \u00faskal\u00ed; o tom, zda N\u011bmci sami sebe vid\u00ed jako evropsk\u00e9 hegemony; \u010di o arktick\u00fdch z\u00e1jmech hlavn\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f. Nem\u00e9n\u011b aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b takt\u00e9\u017e\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ce s\u00a0B\u011bloruskem: M\u011bla by Unie v\u00a0dob\u011b litevsk\u00e9ho p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed nav\u00e1zat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed obchodn\u00ed vztahy, nebo by se jako obh\u00e1jce lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v nem\u011bla vzd\u00e1vat nad\u011bje v\u00a0dokon\u010den\u00ed b\u011blorusk\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu k\u00a0demokracii? Hezkou ned\u011bli.<\/p>\n

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Koordinace hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch politik v\u00a0Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a m\u011bnov\u00e9 unii: Od Maastrichtsk\u00e9 smlouvy p\u0159es Pakt stability a r\u016fstu a\u017e po Fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed pakt<\/a><\/h1>\n

Economic Policy Coordination in the Economic and Monetary Union: From Maastricht via the SGP to the Fiscal Pact<\/em><\/h3>\n

J\u00f8rgen Mortensen; The Centre of European Policy Studies<\/h3>\n

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Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed Smlouvy o stabilit\u011b, koordinaci a spr\u00e1v\u011b v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a m\u011bnov\u00e9 unii, t\u00e9\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed pakt, je nutn\u00e9 vn\u00edmat v\u00a0kontextu sd\u00edlen\u00ed rozhodovac\u00edch kompetenc\u00ed v\u00a0EU v\u00a0makroekonomick\u00e9 oblasti. Anal\u00fdza J\u00f8rgena Mortensena z\u00a0bruselsk\u00e9ho think-tanku CEPS proto po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00fdlet do d\u011bjin hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce v\u00a0EU, a v\u011bnuje prostor podstat\u011b a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00edch mechanism\u016f vze\u0161l\u00fdch z Maastrichtsk\u00e9 smlouvy a Paktu stability a r\u016fstu. Zat\u00edm posledn\u00edm krokem na cest\u011b ke\u00a0koordinaci hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch politik je zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed pakt, p\u0159ijat\u00fd v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 2012 v\u0161emi \u010dleny EU s v\u00fdjimkou Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky, kter\u00fd se sna\u017e\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9my zabudovan\u00e9 v\u00a0p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch mechanismech.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a m\u011bnov\u00e9 unii (HMU) existuje konflikt mezi nutnost\u00ed konzistentn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 a fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b a principem subsidiarity na stran\u011b druh\u00e9. Fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed pakt je pokusem o kompromis v\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto dilematu, nicm\u00e9n\u011b s\u00e1m o sob\u011b nep\u0159edstavuje definitivn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00fdm je nalezen\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edho m\u011bnov\u011b-fisk\u00e1ln\u00edho mixu politik v\u00a0HMU. Na tento probl\u00e9m upozor\u0148ovala ji\u017e Delorsova zpr\u00e1va z roku 1989. M\u011bnov\u00e1 a fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politika nejsou odd\u011bliteln\u00e9. Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd dluh v\u016f\u010di HDP ovliv\u0148uje inflaci, a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem se st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 politiky centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank. Tento zabudovan\u00fd konflikt mezi dv\u011bma \u010d\u00e1stmi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 politiky byl v\u00a090. letech opomenut, aby se hlasit\u011b p\u0159ipomn\u011bl s\u00a0ekonomickou kriz\u00ed po roce 2007.<\/p>\n

Nutnost vysok\u00e9 m\u00edry konzistence mezi m\u011bnovou a fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politikou by v\u0161ak nem\u011bla b\u00fdt argumentem pro\u00a0p\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed nov\u00fdch diskre\u010dn\u00edch kompetenc\u00ed Rad\u011b ministr\u016f v\u00a0oblasti rozpo\u010dtov\u00e9 politiky. Alespo\u0148 ne v\u00a0dohledn\u00e9 budoucnosti, nebo\u0165 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed demokratick\u00e9ho deficitu EU.<\/p>\n

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Diskutabiln\u00ed hegemonie N\u011bmecka<\/a><\/h1>\n

Germany’s contested hegemony<\/em><\/h3>\n

Hanco J\u00fcrgens; Netherlands Institute of International Relations \u2013 Clingendael<\/h3>\n

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Analytici se obecn\u011b neshodnou v\u00a0n\u00e1zorech na sou\u010dasnou pozici N\u011bmecka v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii. Zat\u00edmco jedni ho pova\u017euj\u00ed za vedouc\u00ed st\u00e1t Unie, pro\u010de\u017e mu \u010dasto vy\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed nedostatek ambic\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161it krizi euroz\u00f3ny, druz\u00ed se p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed k\u00a0opatrn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a um\u00edrn\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm tvrzen\u00edm. Velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00fd pohled na problematiku nab\u00edz\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie The Economist, podle n\u00ed\u017e N\u011bmci pova\u017euj\u00ed sami sebe za \u201ev\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarsko\u201c \u2013 hospod\u00e1\u0159sky \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, ale politicky zdr\u017eenliv\u00e9. Podle t\u00e9to studie je pr\u00e1v\u011b sklon k mentalit\u011b mal\u00e9 zem\u011b a absence strategick\u00e9ho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed to, co vede k n\u011bmeck\u00e9\u00a0nerozhodnosti na poli Evropsk\u00e9 unie.<\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek Hanca J\u00fcrgense diskutuje ot\u00e1zku n\u011bmeck\u00e9 hegemonie v\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00edch souvislostech a p\u0159edstavuje osobn\u00ed n\u00e1zory autora k\u00a0dan\u00e9mu t\u00e9matu. J\u00fcrgens p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed, \u017ee N\u011bmecko je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010dem, a to nejen v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. Tento fakt v\u0161ak p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e jeho efektivn\u00edmu p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00edch ne\u017e n\u011bjak\u00e9 p\u0159irozen\u00e9 hegemonii, v\u00a0jej\u00edm\u017e p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by zem\u011b prosazovala sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy sp\u00ed\u0161e samostatn\u011b. J\u00fcrgens nav\u00edc zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee samotn\u00fd koncept hegemonie, kdy jeden st\u00e1t p\u0159evezme odpov\u011bdnost za jin\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, je v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed. D\u00e1le poukazuje na to, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0N\u011bmecku (ekonomick\u00e9 i politick\u00e9) mohou m\u00edt dost dob\u0159e pouze do\u010dasn\u00fd charakter a za n\u011bkolik let m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pozice N\u011bmecka v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Unie vn\u00edm\u00e1na zcela odli\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\n

V ot\u00e1zce sou\u010dasn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 moci N\u011bmecka v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii uv\u00e1d\u00ed J\u00fcrgens hned n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee jej\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed obraz je mnohdy zna\u010dn\u011b nadhodnocen\u00fd, a uv\u00e1d\u00ed trefn\u00e9 p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed, dle kter\u00e9ho jsou \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jako skupina lod\u00ed \u2013 ne\u0159\u00edd\u00ed ji jeden kapit\u00e1n, n\u00fdbr\u017e (dnes u\u017e) osmadvacet, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0nich m\u016f\u017ee a nemus\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit svou lo\u010f stejn\u00fdm sm\u011brem, kter\u00fdm pluj\u00ed ti ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Evropsk\u00e1 unie by se m\u011bla v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159it na b\u011bloruskou spole\u010dnost<\/a><\/h1>\n

The EU should focus more on Belarusian society<\/em><\/h3>\n

Maria Davydchyk; Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ausw\u00e4rtige Politik<\/h3>\n

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Ve vztaz\u00edch mezi B\u011bloruskem a EU do\u0161lo ke zna\u010dn\u00e9mu ochlazen\u00ed kv\u016fli diplomatick\u00e9 krizi, kterou zp\u016fsobily sankce EU uvalen\u00e9 na B\u011blorusko, p\u0159esto\u017ee se sp\u00ed\u0161e minuly zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem. Minsk se o spolupr\u00e1ci pokou\u0161el skrze projekt V\u00fdchodn\u00edho partnerstv\u00ed, ale Brusel se na z\u00e1klad\u011b b\u011blorusk\u00fdch volebn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f sna\u017eil od tamn\u00edho re\u017eimu sp\u00ed\u0161e vzd\u00e1lit a izolovat. Vyhl\u00eddky na spolupr\u00e1ci jsou zt\u011b\u017eov\u00e1ny i nejednotn\u00fdm n\u00e1zorem jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU. Zat\u00edmco soused\u00e9 B\u011bloruska by uv\u00edtali sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, jin\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se o tuto ot\u00e1zku bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezaj\u00edmaj\u00ed, nebo ji s\u00a0obavami, vzhledem k\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Ruska, pouze sleduj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podle B\u011bloruska jsou politiky EU iracion\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee maj\u00ed stanoven\u00e9 nevhodn\u00e9 a v\u00e1gn\u00ed c\u00edle a nejsou pevn\u011b ukotven\u00e9. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci na \u00fasp\u011bch tak pr\u00fd mohou m\u00edt sp\u00ed\u0161e konkr\u00e9tn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 projekty V\u00fdchodn\u00edho partnerstv\u00ed, ne\u017e obecn\u011b definovan\u00fd c\u00edl ekonomick\u00e9 modernizace. EU je proto bezradn\u00e1, jak by m\u011bla jednat se zem\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e politick\u00e9 elity nejev\u00ed absolutn\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1jem o integraci, a z\u00e1rove\u0148, aby jak\u00e1koli spolupr\u00e1ce mezi Minskem a Bruselem nebyla vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako snaha o p\u0159etrh\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011blorusk\u00fdch vazeb na Rusko.<\/p>\n

Jistou nad\u011bji p\u0159edstavuje aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed litevsk\u00e9 p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed v\u00a0EU, jeliko\u017e tito dva soused\u00e9 spolu \u010dile obchoduj\u00ed a jejich spolupr\u00e1ce p\u0159esahuje i do oblasti turismu, vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdzkumu, kultury, podpory opozice \u010di spolupr\u00e1ce v\u00a0r\u00e1mci neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed. Lidskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed situace se v\u00a0B\u011blorusku b\u011bhem minul\u00e9ho roku zlep\u0161ila, a tak by se EU m\u011bla zam\u011b\u0159it na spolupr\u00e1ci v\u00a0oblasti komunikace s\u00a0ob\u010danskou spole\u010dnost\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b obohacuj\u00edc\u00ed dlouhodobou kulturn\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnu. Prvn\u00edm krokem by tak mohla b\u00fdt liberalizace v\u00a0oblasti v\u00edzov\u00e9 politiky.<\/p>\n

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Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed Arktida: Rostouc\u00ed arktick\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy Ruska, \u010c\u00edny, Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a Evropsk\u00e9 unie<\/a><\/h1>\n

The Global Arctic: The Growing Arctic Interests of Russia, China, the United States and the European Union<\/em><\/h2>\n

Juha K\u00e4pyl\u00e4 & Harri Mikkola; Finnish Institute of International Affairs<\/h3>\n

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15. kv\u011btna 2013 se ve \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 Kirun\u011b odehr\u00e1lo zased\u00e1n\u00ed Arktick\u00e9 rady. Na tomto setk\u00e1n\u00ed se projedn\u00e1valo z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed statusu pozorovatele pro \u010c\u00ednu, Indii, It\u00e1lii, Japonsko, Koreu, Singapur a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b pro Evropskou unii. Dal\u0161\u00edm bodem byl d\u016fraz na ekonomiku Arktick\u00e9 rady. Arktida je transformuj\u00edc\u00ed se a v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 geopolitick\u00e1 oblast. Nov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 vyhl\u00eddky v odv\u011btv\u00edch energetiky, miner\u00e1l\u016f a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed dopravy nab\u00edzej\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti pro arktick\u00e9 st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n

Rusko je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hr\u00e1\u010dem s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi ekonomick\u00fdmi a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi z\u00e1jmy v\u00a0tomto regionu. Je to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z d\u016fvodu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. V\u00edce ne\u017e 20 % dosud neobjeven\u00fdch sv\u011btov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob uhlovod\u00edk\u016f je um\u00edst\u011bno v arktick\u00e9 oblasti a v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0nich pr\u00e1v\u011b v rusk\u00e9 Arktid\u011b.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm motivem pro postupn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmu \u010c\u00edny o Arktidu je ekonomika. \u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 zajistit p\u0159\u00edstup k otev\u0159en\u00ed arktick\u00e9 lodn\u00ed cesty, kter\u00e1 by mohla p\u0159in\u00e9st \u00faspory v oblasti n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed dopravy. \u010c\u00edna se takt\u00e9\u017e sna\u017e\u00ed o pos\u00edlen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu k arktick\u00e9 zdrojov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b bohat\u00fdch ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch vod Severn\u00edho ledov\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu, vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch nerostn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f v Gr\u00f3nsku, a uhlovod\u00edk\u016f v Rusku.<\/p>\n

Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f \u2013 plynu, oleje a miner\u00e1l\u016f \u2013 je hlavn\u00edm motorem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 americk\u00e9 politiky v Arktid\u011b. USA m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 celou \u0159adu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f. Stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1sti americk\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed protiraketov\u00e9 obrany se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v arktick\u00e9 oblasti. Problematika svobody plavby v Arktid\u011b je dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1jem USA.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e1 unie za\u010dala projevovat rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1jem o Arktidu. V\u00a0centru pozornosti je pro EU glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bna klimatu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 environment\u00e1ln\u00ed, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, ekonomick\u00e9 a geopolitick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky jak pro arktick\u00e9 oblasti, tak i pro Evropu. Status st\u00e1l\u00e9ho pozorovatele Arktick\u00e9 rady povede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed schopnosti ovliv\u0148ovat v\u00fdvoj regionu a ke zintenzivn\u011bn\u00ed a globalizaci politick\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee s nov\u00fdmi subjekty Arktidy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Paradox evropsk\u00e9ho sna\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0boji proti finan\u010dn\u00edmu terorismu: od kritiky k\u00a0napodobov\u00e1n\u00ed shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed dat<\/a><\/h1>\n

T<\/em>he EU\u2019s Paradoxical Efforts at Tracking the Financing of Terrorism: From criticism to imitation of dataveillance<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h2>\n

Anthony Amicelle; The Centre for European Policy Studies<\/h3>\n

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Americk\u00fd \u201etajn\u00fd\u201c bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed program PRISM nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd program, o kter\u00e9m se hovo\u0159\u00ed \u010di hovo\u0159ilo na p\u016fd\u011b Evropsk\u00e9 unie. V\u00a0roce 2006 informoval den\u00edk New York Times o existenci programu nazvan\u00e9m\u00a0Terrorist Finance Tracking Program<\/em>\u00a0(TFTP), kter\u00fd byl realizov\u00e1n vl\u00e1dou USA v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001. Tento protiteroristick\u00fd program je zalo\u017een na p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00edm informac\u00edm spravovan\u00fdch Spole\u010dnost\u00ed pro celosv\u011btovou mezibankovn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed komunikaci (SWIFT), kterou vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed prakticky v\u0161echny banky.<\/p>\n

SWIFT zpr\u00e1vy ze s\u00eddla v\u00a0New Yorku vyu\u017e\u00edval, shroma\u017e\u010foval a analyzoval americk\u00fd \u00da\u0159ad pro zahrani\u010dn\u00ed aktiva (OFAC) ve jm\u00e9nu boje proti terorismu. Hlavn\u00ed s\u00eddlo soukrom\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti SWIFT je ale v\u00a0Bruselu, a podl\u00e9h\u00e1 proto evropsk\u00e9 legislativ\u011b na ochranu soukrom\u00ed a dat. Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vyvolalo nevoli mezi poslanci EP a z\u00e1stupci evropsk\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f na ochranu \u00fadaj\u016f. Ti m\u011bli obavy z\u00a0masivn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny osobn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f mezi spole\u010dnost\u00ed a t\u0159et\u00ed zem\u00ed bez jak\u00e9hokoliv dohledu ze strany EU.<\/p>\n

Po prvn\u00edm odm\u00edtnut\u00ed proto vznikla v\u00a0roce 2010 dohoda mezi EU a USA o p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bankovn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f. Byly vyjedn\u00e1ny z\u00e1ruky pro evropsk\u00e9 ob\u010dany a bylo dosa\u017eeno toho, \u017ee EU za\u010dne v\u00a0budoucnu pracovat na sv\u00e9m vlastn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu na zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bankovn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f, aby mohla do USA p\u0159ed\u00e1vat jen skute\u010dn\u011b nezbytn\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Poda\u0159ilo se vyjednat n\u011bkolik \u00fastupk\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed USA a EU na stejnou \u00farove\u0148. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm je to ukon\u010den\u00ed hromadn\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat, vznikla tak\u00e9 kontrola ze strany Europolu, kter\u00fd dostal pr\u00e1vo tok informac\u00ed zastavit. Na p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat, kter\u00e1 budou moci b\u00fdt zpracov\u00e1na jen za \u00fa\u010delem boje proti terorismu, dohl\u00e9dne skupina nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch inspektor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b z\u00e1stupce, kter\u00e9ho vybere Evropsk\u00e1 komise ve spolupr\u00e1ci s Evropsk\u00fdm parlamentem. Dohoda zakazuje, aby americk\u00fd program pou\u017e\u00edval vyt\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dat (data mining<\/em>), nebo jin\u00fd druh algoritmick\u00e9ho nebo automatizovan\u00e9ho profilov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di elektronick\u00e9ho filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tato dohoda m\u00e1 t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 body, o kter\u00fdch by se m\u011bla v\u00e9st \u0161irok\u00e1 diskuze. Zaprv\u00e9, program TFTP (a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch podobn\u00fdch) obch\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1vo zalo\u017een\u00e9 na trestn\u00edm vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a ospravedl\u0148uje to prevenc\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel slovo prevence zahrnuje mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed. Zadruh\u00e9, prov\u011b\u0159ovac\u00ed role Europolu p\u0159edstavuje slo\u017eit\u00fd kompromis. Realizace tohoto \u00fakolu se uk\u00e1zala jako ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a vyslou\u017eila si mnoho kritik. A kone\u010dn\u011b zat\u0159et\u00ed, autor uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee je velmi paradoxn\u00ed snaha napodobit americk\u00fd program na \u00fazem\u00ed EU, nebo\u0165 se EU sna\u017e\u00ed o to sam\u00e9, co d\u0159\u00edve velmi kritizovala, a dokonce se zmi\u0148uje o p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed funkc\u00ed nad r\u00e1mec americk\u00e9ho programu FTPT.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 obavy byly zam\u011b\u0159eny na masov\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed osobn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f mezi soukromou spole\u010dnost\u00ed (SWIFT) a t\u0159et\u00ed zem\u00ed (USA). Tento probl\u00e9m (EU-USA) se poda\u0159ilo z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti vy\u0159e\u0161it. Bylo dosa\u017eeno n\u011bkolika \u00fastupk\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ale v\u00a0euroatlantick\u00e9m prostoru, nikoliv v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1tech mimo tento prostor, kter\u00e9 program SWIFT tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Demokratick\u00e1 debata by se proto m\u011bla roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it i mimo euroatlantickou z\u00f3nu…<\/p>\n

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Analytick\u00fd t\u00fdm<\/strong>\u00a0vyb\u00edr\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u00fater\u00fd nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie instituc\u00ed zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se evropskou tematikou, vydan\u00e9 v\u00a0uplynul\u00e9m t\u00fddnu. Seznam 40 aktu\u00e1ln\u011b monitorovan\u00fdch think-tank\u016f naleznete na\u00a0na\u0161em webu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Analytick\u00fd t\u00fdm<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty se dlouhodob\u011b v\u011bnuje anal\u00fdz\u00e1m (nejen) \u010desk\u00e9 pozice v Evropsk\u00e9 unii.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pokud chcete na\u0161e dal\u0161\u00ed exkluzivn\u00ed rozhovory (nap\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0s Hynkem Kmon\u00ed\u010dkem<\/a>), n\u00e1zorov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky a pozv\u00e1nky na na\u0161e akce dost\u00e1vat mailem,\u00a0objednejte si zdarma<\/a>\u00a0na\u0161e pravideln\u00e9\u00a0N\u00e1zory v souvislostech<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak je v Unii vn\u00edm\u00e1na vedouc\u00ed role N\u011bmecka – a jak vid\u00ed samo sebe? Jsou arktick\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy EU zejm\u00e9na surovinov\u00e9ho r\u00e1zu? Bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se arktick\u00e1 v\u00e1lka? Dok\u00e1\u017ee litevsk\u00e9 p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed zlep\u0161it vztahy EU s B\u011bloruskem, nebo by to jen znamenalo dal\u0161\u00ed ochlazen\u00ed vztah\u016f s Ruskem? T\u011bmto a dal\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9mat\u016fm se v\u011bnuj\u00ed n\u00e1mi vybran\u00e9 studie pro tento t\u00fdden.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5020","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nJak\u00fd z\u00e1jem m\u00e1 EU na Arktid\u011b? 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