Jak reagovali centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159i na krizi? \u010cek\u00e1 Turecko dal\u0161\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed povst\u00e1n\u00ed mlad\u00fdch a nespokojen\u00fdch? A pro\u010d m\u00e1 EU takov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my se svou imigra\u010dn\u00ed politikou? P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme v\u00fdcuc z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 minul\u00fd t\u00fdden po Evrop\u011b vy\u0161ly.\u00a0<\/p>\n
B\u011bhem velk\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 recese centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky poskytovaly bankovn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu likviditu v\u00a0neomezen\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed. Oproti standardn\u00edmu chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka p\u016fj\u010duje pouze v\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00ed m\u011bn\u011b a dom\u00e1c\u00edm bank\u00e1m, bylo v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u016fj\u010dov\u00e1no tak\u00e9 v\u00a0ciz\u00edch m\u011bn\u00e1ch a ciz\u00edm bank\u00e1m. Toho mohlo b\u00fdt dosa\u017eeno pouze ve vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi centr\u00e1ln\u00edmi bankami, je\u017e z\u00edskala podobu jak\u00e9si\u00a0swapov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b<\/a>. V\u00a0t\u00e9to s\u00edti si mezi sebou centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky otev\u0159ely \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 linky (za p\u0159edem dohodnut\u00fdch podm\u00ednek sm\u011bnily sv\u00e9 m\u011bny a pot\u00e9 zase nazp\u011bt), \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznikla de facto glob\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e1 politika. Ta p\u0159edstavovala efektivn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vzhledem ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu charakteru sv\u011btov\u00e9 recese.<\/p>\n Co se t\u00fd\u010de rozsahu swapov\u00fdch operac\u00ed a nafukov\u00e1n\u00ed bilanc\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank, Evropsk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka (ECB) zaujala mnohem rezervovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup (swapy v\u00a0hodnot\u011b miliard) ne\u017e americk\u00fd Fed (swapy v\u00a0hodnot\u011b stovek miliard). Konzervativn\u00ed ECB pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159ikl\u00e1dala v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitost ot\u00e1zce mor\u00e1ln\u00edho hazardu, ale nab\u00edz\u00ed se i politick\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed: ECB jako\u017eto plnohodnotn\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce nem\u00e1 svou exekutivn\u00ed protistranu, kter\u00e1 by ji podpo\u0159ila p\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nestandardn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky. Absence konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00a0tomto ohledu nahl\u00ed\u017eena jako negativum (ECB nem\u00e1 siln\u00e9ho partnera), ale i jako pozitivum (posiluje se jej\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost).<\/p>\n A\u010dkoliv se kvalifikovan\u00e9 n\u00e1zory li\u0161\u00ed, b\u00fdval\u00fd gener\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159editel tr\u017en\u00edch operac\u00ed ECB a hostuj\u00edc\u00ed profesor think-tanku Bruegel Francesco Papadia argumentuje, \u017ee swapy, jako\u017eto jeden z n\u00e1stroj\u016f monet\u00e1rn\u00ed politiky, by m\u011bly nad\u00e1le z\u016fstat pod kontrolou jednotliv\u00fdch centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank a nikoli se institucionalizovat k\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed role mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho v\u011b\u0159itele posledn\u00ed instance. D\u016fvodem je obava z\u00a0dopadu na nez\u00e1vislost centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank, co\u017e je historicky potvrzen\u00e1 pojistka cenov\u00e9 stability.<\/p>\n P\u0159ed dv\u011bma t\u00fddny zapo\u010dat\u00e9 protesty v\u00a0istanbulsk\u00e9m Gezi parku se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily do cel\u00e9ho Turecka.\u00a0 P\u0159i t\u011bchto protestech zem\u0159elo ji\u017e n\u011bkolik lid\u00ed a maj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed dopad na tureckou ekonomiku. Maj\u00ed ale tak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 pozitivn\u00ed str\u00e1nky. Situace by mohla p\u0159isp\u011bt nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pluralit\u011b n\u00e1zor\u016f v\u00a0politice i k\u00a0o\u017eiven\u00ed skom\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f s\u00a0EU.<\/p>\n Tureck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da utratila miliony euro na zlep\u0161en\u00ed sv\u00e9ho obrazu, ale a\u017e tureck\u00e9 protesty m\u011bly hlub\u0161\u00ed dopad na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed obraz Turecka. Ukazuj\u00ed mlad\u00e9 lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se zhl\u00e9dli v\u00a0protestn\u00edch hnut\u00edch typu Indignados ve \u0160pan\u011blsku \u010di Wutb\u00fcrger v\u00a0N\u011bmecku. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tito mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed budou hlasovat o vstupu Turecka do EU, ukazuj\u00ed, jak jim z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na demokracii, osobn\u00ed svobod\u011b a toleranci mezi n\u00e1rody.<\/p>\n Efekt Twitteru je nov\u00fdm prvkem ve vztahu Turecka a EU. Selh\u00e1n\u00ed hlavn\u00edho tureck\u00e9ho tisku p\u0159im\u011blo lidi sledovat soci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00e9dia, nab\u00edzej\u00edc\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fd pohled na v\u011bc, p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0m\u00edst protest\u016f. EU m\u00e1 nyn\u00ed mo\u017enost Turecko v\u00edce zahrnout, ale i pr\u00e1vo kritizovat policejn\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed a represe v\u00a0m\u00e9di\u00edch. Unie by se tak\u00e9 m\u011bla zapojit do intenzivn\u00edho dialogu s tureckou vl\u00e1dou o tom, jak zv\u00fd\u0161it pluralitu a osobn\u00ed svobody. To jsou kapitoly, kter\u00e9 by mohly v\u00e9st k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pokroku v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00edch.<\/p>\n V\u00a0jist\u00e9m smyslu se protesty v\u00a0Gezi parku staly velk\u00fdm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm bl\u00ed\u017ee k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm, nebo\u0165 po letech vl\u00e1dy premi\u00e9ra Erdogana se otev\u0159el prostor pro svobodu shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed, sdru\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a svobodu projevu. Dne\u0161n\u00ed protesty jsou tedy v\u00fdsledkem obrovsk\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho a ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho otev\u0159en\u00ed se. Lisabonsk\u00e1 smlouva navazuje na z\u00e1v\u011bry Evropsk\u00e9 rady z\u00a0Tampere z\u00a0roku 1999 a p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 nutnost vyvinout jednotnou evropskou imigra\u010dn\u00ed politiku. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 patn\u00e1ct let po p\u016fvodn\u00edch ujedn\u00e1n\u00edch se v\u0161ak regulace v t\u00e9to oblasti zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt st\u00e1le nerovnom\u011brn\u00e1. EU m\u00e1 jasn\u011b stanoven\u00e1 pravidla v\u00a0souvislosti se vstupem a pohybem v Schengensk\u00e9m prostoru, stejn\u011b tak jako pro ob\u010dany t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00ed, podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edzov\u00e9 povinnosti. Normy jsou tedy nejv\u00edce integrovan\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na operativn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n Ot\u00e1zky migrace pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b rozhodn\u011b promy\u0161len\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec postr\u00e1daj\u00ed. Existuje sice n\u011bkolik na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zky dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed, av\u0161ak ta p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b nech\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u00fapravu samotnou na jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Odp\u016frci dal\u0161\u00ed harmonizace imigra\u010dn\u00edch politik poukazuj\u00ed na rozd\u00edln\u00fd v\u00fdvoj zem\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti ekonomick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo na trz\u00edch pr\u00e1ce.\u00a0 Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace ov\u0161em st\u011b\u017e\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdzv\u00e1m sv\u011bta dne\u0161ka \u010di z\u00edt\u0159ka, jimi\u017e jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad st\u00e1rnut\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 populace nebo zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se mezera na trhu pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly.<\/p>\n \u017dijeme v\u00a0globalizovan\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, kde pot\u0159eba i ochota st\u011bhovat se za lep\u0161\u00edmi pracovn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami st\u00e1le nar\u016fst\u00e1. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomuto z\u00e1kladn\u00edmu p\u0159edpokladu a tak\u00e9 snaze EU vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se co mo\u017en\u00e1 nejl\u00e9pe s\u00a0nezam\u011bstnanost\u00ed proto imigrace p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt probl\u00e9mem n\u00e1rodn\u00edm a dost\u00e1v\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u011b evropsk\u00fd rozm\u011br. Pokud se EU chce st\u00e1t atraktivn\u00ed destinac\u00ed pro kvalifikovan\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky, mus\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku leg\u00e1ln\u00ed imigrace odpov\u00eddat jednohlasn\u011b. Podle OECD se ji\u017e nyn\u00ed politiky jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed, a tak by \u00fapln\u00e1 harmonizace pravidel nem\u011bla b\u00fdt nadm\u00edru slo\u017eit\u00e1. P\u0159esto se j\u00ed i po mnoha letech \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vyh\u00fdbaj\u00ed. M\u011bly by si v\u0161ak p\u0159estat d\u00e1vat na\u010das \u2013 ne\u017e bude p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b.<\/p>\n \u00a0Lisabonsk\u00e1 smlouva zavedla do prim\u00e1rn\u00edho pr\u00e1va EU jeden velmi inovativn\u00ed prvek \u2013 Evropskou ob\u010danskou iniciativu. Jde o\u00a0prvn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie na nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni. Ohlasy na n\u011bj jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9. Jedni ho pova\u017euj\u00ed za v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pokrok ve v\u00fdvoji evropsk\u00e9ho institucion\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, druz\u00ed jsou mnohem skepti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a upozor\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 ani o referendum, ani o vlastn\u00ed legislativn\u00ed iniciativu, ale o pouh\u00fd n\u00e1vrh na spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed legislativn\u00ed iniciativy Evropskou komis\u00ed.<\/p>\n Samotn\u00fd proces je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Pokud nov\u011b navr\u017een\u00e1 iniciativa spln\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro\u00a0registraci, dostane 12m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed lh\u016ftu, aby z\u00edskala milion podpis\u016f ob\u010dan\u016f EU, ty p\u0159itom musej\u00ed poch\u00e1zet alespo\u0148 ze \u010dtvrtiny \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a pro ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t je je\u0161t\u011b nav\u00edc stanoven minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det.<\/p>\n Cel\u00fd proces Evropsk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 iniciativy by m\u011bl b\u00fdt jednoduch\u00fd, snadno ovladateln\u00fd a dostupn\u00fd v\u0161em ob\u010dan\u016fm tak, aby podporoval jejich \u00fa\u010dast a \u010dinil t\u00edm pro n\u011b Evropskou unii dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00a0tom je ov\u0161em zat\u00edm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m cel\u00e9ho projektu. Ani \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f po registraci prvn\u00ed iniciativy nebyl online syst\u00e9m na shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed podpis\u016f, spravovan\u00fd Evropskou komis\u00ed, funk\u010dn\u00ed. Z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu byla tak\u00e9 v\u0161em iniciativ\u00e1m registrovan\u00fdm p\u0159ed listopadem 2012 lh\u016fta prodlou\u017eena a\u017e do listopadu 2013.<\/p>\n Studie uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee do konce roku 2012 bylo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b zaregistrov\u00e1no celkem 15 iniciativ. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u0161ak zat\u00edm nez\u00edskala pot\u0159ebn\u00fd po\u010det zast\u00e1nc\u016f, na celkov\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed projektu tud\u00ed\u017e budeme muset je\u0161t\u011b po\u010dkat.<\/p>\n Analytick\u00fd t\u00fdm<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty se dlouhodob\u011b v\u011bnuje anal\u00fdz\u00e1m (nejen) \u010desk\u00e9 pozice v Evropsk\u00e9 unii.<\/p>\n Pokud chcete na\u0161e dal\u0161\u00ed exkluzivn\u00ed rozhovory (nap\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0<\/span>s Hynkem Kmon\u00ed\u010dkem<\/a>), n\u00e1zorov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky a pozv\u00e1nky na na\u0161e akce dost\u00e1vat mailem,\u00a0<\/span>objednejte si zdarma<\/a>\u00a0na\u0161e pravideln\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>N\u00e1zory v souvislostech<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Jak reagovali centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159i na krizi? \u010cek\u00e1 Turecko dal\u0161\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed povst\u00e1n\u00ed mlad\u00fdch a nespokojen\u00fdch? A pro\u010d m\u00e1 EU takov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my se svou imigra\u010dn\u00ed politikou? P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme v\u00fdcuc z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 minul\u00fd t\u00fdden po Evrop\u011b vy\u0161ly.\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n
\nTureck\u00e1 generace Twitteru je jeho evropskou budoucnost\u00ed<\/a><\/h1>\n
Turkey\u2019s Twitter generation is its European future<\/em><\/h2>\n
Heather Grabbe; Centre for European Reform<\/h3>\n
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
\nImigra\u010dn\u00ed politika EU: je t\u0159eba jednat te\u010f, ne\u017e bude p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b<\/a><\/h1>\n
EU immigration policy: act now before it is too late<\/em><\/h3>\n
Yves Pascouau; European Policy Centre<\/h3>\n
\nEvropsk\u00e1 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 iniciativa: Dal\u0161\u00ed \u201evelk\u00e1 v\u011bc\u201c nebo jen nepoveden\u00fd \u201edobr\u00fd n\u00e1pad\u201c<\/a>?<\/h1>\n
The European Citizens\u2019 Initiative: Next Big Thing or New False Good Idea?<\/em><\/h2>\n
Franklin Dehousse ve spolupr\u00e1ci s Didierem Verhoevenem; Egmont \u2013 The Royal Institute for International Relations<\/h3>\n