{"id":5006,"date":"2013-07-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-07-12T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/jsou-ustavni-zvyklosti-idiotske-jak-rika-nas-prezident-2\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:20:47","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:20:47","slug":"jsou-ustavni-zvyklosti-idiotske-jak-rika-nas-prezident-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/jsou-ustavni-zvyklosti-idiotske-jak-rika-nas-prezident-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Jsou \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti idiotsk\u00e9, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 prezident?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prezident Zeman se dnes vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k\u00a0jednomu ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kamen\u016f liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie. K \u00fastavn\u00edm zvyklostem.<\/em><\/p>\n

Den\u00edk\u00a0Pr\u00e1vo<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0\u201eV souvislosti se jmenov\u00e1n\u00edm vl\u00e1dy odborn\u00edk\u016f je v\u00e1m vy\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no, \u017ee poru\u0161ujete \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti. Jak zareagujete na tuto kritiku?\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"Milo\u0161 Zeman, prezident \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky:<\/p>\n

\u201cP\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bych \u0159ekl, \u017ee pojem \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti je naprosto idiotsk\u00fd, proto\u017ee kdyby to byly opravdu \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti, tak by n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem byly zakotveny v \u00fastav\u011b. Jsou to jenom zvyklosti. Prezident, by\u0165 p\u0159\u00edmo zvolen\u00fd, nem\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit \u00fastavu, ale m\u00e1 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b svat\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo m\u011bnit zvyklosti, kter\u00e9 nejsou zakotveny v \u00fastav\u011b.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zeptali jsme se tedy p\u0159edn\u00edch expert\u016f:\u00a0Co jsou to \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti a v \u010dem jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracii?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u201eDemokratick\u00e9 \u00fastavy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed funkce obsazuj\u00ed vyzr\u00e1l\u00e9 osobnosti, kter\u00e9 ch\u00e1pou, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9, i kdy\u017e ho \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1kon nezakazuje. Podobn\u011b jako spole\u010densk\u00e9 zvyklosti umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed a usnad\u0148uj\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00fd styk, \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed a usnad\u0148uj\u00ed politick\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Jsou tu proto, \u017ee nelze v\u0161echna pravidla politick\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed definovat z\u00e1konem.<\/em><\/p>\n

Maj\u00ed proto men\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1vaznost ne\u017e z\u00e1kon, nicm\u00e9n\u011b pokud je n\u011bkdo poru\u0161uje s t\u00edm, \u017ee je chce m\u011bnit, m\u011bl by sv\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011btlit a obh\u00e1jit. Pokus o zm\u011bnu zvyklost\u00ed je legitimn\u00ed, pokud se z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bn\u00ed okolnosti,
\nza nich\u017e se zvyklosti ustavovaly. Zda tomu tak dnes je, pova\u017euji za otev\u0159enou ot\u00e1zku. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b principi\u00e1ln\u00ed odm\u00edtnut\u00ed zvyklost\u00ed jako takov\u00fdch je neobhajiteln\u00e9 a hloup\u00e9.\u201c<\/em>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Petr Drul\u00e1k<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Politolog, \u00dastav mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztah\u016f<\/p>\n

(zdroj<\/a>:\u00a0HN – Matej Sl\u00e1vik)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\u201e\u00dastavn\u00ed zvyklosti jsou pravidla, podle nich\u017e bylo postupov\u00e1no v situac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 \u00dastava p\u0159\u00edmo nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, respektive d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce mo\u017enost\u00ed v\u00fdkladu. Dalo by se tak\u00e9 hovo\u0159it o precedentech. Z povahy v\u011bci jsou to tedy nepsan\u00e1 pravidla, kter\u00e1 usnad\u0148uj\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed opakuj\u00edc\u00edch se situac\u00ed bez toho, \u017ee by muselo doj\u00edt k jejich zakotven\u00ed v \u00dastav\u011b \u010di jin\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edm p\u0159edpisu anebo \u017ee by o \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed muselo b\u00fdt znovu slo\u017eit\u011b vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1no. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed skute\u010dnosti:<\/em><\/p>\n

1) \u00dastavn\u00ed zvyklost nem\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt proti\u00fastavn\u00ed nebo v\u016fbec protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed charakter.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Pro \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklost je t\u0159eba spln\u011bn\u00ed dvou podm\u00ednek – v\u0161eobecn\u00e9\/r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 shody o pravidlu a jeho dlouhodob\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Tady nar\u00e1\u017e\u00edme na z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m. A\u010dkoliv m\u016f\u017eeme m\u00edt opa\u010dn\u00fd dojem, v\u00fdvoj neurychl\u00edme a tak, jako vypad\u00e1 jinak anglick\u00fd tr\u00e1vn\u00edk p\u011bstovan\u00fd 500 let a jeho obdoba polo\u017een\u00e1 p\u0159ed 5 lety, je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vy\u017eadovat stejnou p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divost po 10 \u010di 20 letech v\u00fdvoje a odkazovat na Anglii s jej\u00edmi 300 a v\u00edce let star\u00fdmi a v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fd precendenty.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc, anglick\u00e1 \u00fastava se nem\u011bn\u00ed tak \u010dasto, jako \u00fastava \u010desk\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 jej\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bna nutn\u011b znamen\u00e1 pokud ne p\u0159\u00edmo odvr\u017een\u00ed, tak zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed dosavadn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Jan Kudrna<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00fastavn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edk, Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 fakulta Univerzity Karlovy<\/span><\/p>\n

(zdroj)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201ePojem odkazuje k p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee by \u00fastava m\u011bla b\u00fdt v n\u011bkter\u00fdch ohledech napl\u0148ov\u00e1na podobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jako to d\u011blali v\u0161ichni p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je v tom, \u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165uje dlouhodobou p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost vztah\u016f mezi \u00fastavn\u00edmi akt\u00e9ry.<\/em><\/p>\n

Jeho nev\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee by k n\u011b\u010demu m\u011blo doj\u00edt, ne, \u017ee k tomu mus\u00ed doj\u00edt. Pokud jeden z akt\u00e9r\u016f p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nesd\u00edl\u00ed, zbort\u00ed se cel\u00fd koncept jako domek z karet.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Roman Chytilek<\/strong><\/p>\n

politolog, Fakulta soci\u00e1ln\u00edch studi\u00ed Masarykovy univerzity<\/p>\n

\u00a0(zdroj)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

“\u00dastavn\u00ed konvence se vyskytuj\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u00fastavn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu v m\u00ed\u0159e m\u011bnliv\u00e9 podle st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a detailnosti \u00fastavy. Jejich podstatou je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nejistoty stran budouc\u00edch postup\u016f tam, kde \u00fastavy nab\u00edzej\u00ed v\u00edce \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Aby se zkr\u00e1tka neza\u010d\u00ednalo st\u00e1le znovu v bodu nula se v\u0161emi p\u0159edstaviteln\u00fdmi sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i, kter\u00e9 jsou spojeny s rizikem nezd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdch postup\u016f v obdobn\u00fdch situac\u00edch, tedy se sv\u00e9vol\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Konvence vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z minul\u00fdch precedent\u016f nebo obecn\u00fdch \u00fastavn\u00edch princip\u016f, pom\u00e1haj\u00ed kompletovat \u00fastavn\u00ed\u0159\u00e1d do v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho celku. Pop\u00edrat jejich existenci je pon\u011bkud neobvykl\u00e9, ba i \u0161kodliv\u00e9.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Jan Kysela<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00fastavn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edk, Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 fakulta Univerzity Karlovy<\/p>\n

(zdroj:<\/a>Jaroslav Maty\u00e1\u0161, \u010cT)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

“\u00dastavn\u00ed zvyklosti jsou pravidla chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nejsou form\u00e1ln\u011b uvedeny v \u00fastav\u011b, ale v praxi se dodr\u017euj\u00ed. Fakticky je to sou\u010d\u00e1st materi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastavy, co\u017e je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pojem ne\u017e form\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastava (“prost\u00fd” text \u00fastavy). Vzta\u017eeno k \u010desk\u00e9 situaci je to v\u0161e, co se za\u017eilo za posledn\u00edch dvacet let jako pravidlo v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch situac\u00edch, ani\u017e to je v \u00fastav\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo naps\u00e1no. Typicky nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fastava nezn\u00e1 pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed n\u011bkoho sestaven\u00edm vl\u00e1dy. P\u0159esto se to od voleb 1996 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a za\u017eilo se to jako jak\u00fdsi “p\u0159edkrok” p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e prezident n\u011bkoho form\u00e1ln\u011b jmenuje premi\u00e9rem. V\u00fdznam to m\u00e1 politick\u00fd, d\u00e1v\u00e1 to v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010das pro politick\u00e9 vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed fixn\u011b stanovena osoba premi\u00e9ra. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b to fakticky p\u0159edznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, kdo bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b premi\u00e9rem. T\u00fdkalo se to i Milo\u0161e Zemana po volb\u00e1ch 1998, kdy jej prezident V\u00e1clav Havel nejprve pov\u011b\u0159il sestaven\u00edm vl\u00e1dy a a\u017e zhruba za m\u011bs\u00edc jej jmenoval. \u00dastavn\u00ed zvyky jsou tady kv\u016fli vypln\u011bn\u00ed mezer, s\u00a0nimi\u017e form\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastava nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Je dobr\u00e9 br\u00e1t v \u00favahu, \u017ee \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyky jsou na pomez\u00ed pr\u00e1va a politiky. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se m\u016f\u017eou modifikovat nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt pou\u017eity – nen\u00ed to statick\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Vezmu-li v \u00favahu uveden\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad s pov\u011b\u0159en\u00edm n\u011bkoho sestaven\u00edm vl\u00e1dy, i v minulosti se jednou tento zvyk nepou\u017eil. V\u00e1clav Klaus na konci roku 2006 v situaci, kdy tu byla men\u0161inov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da Mirka Topol\u00e1nka bez d\u016fv\u011bry a v demisi, znovu jmenoval premi\u00e9rem Topol\u00e1nka a “p\u0159esko\u010dil” \u00fapln\u011b f\u00e1zi pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Druh\u00fd takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad je sou\u010dasn\u00fd premi\u00e9r Ji\u0159\u00ed Rusnok, kde tak\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nebylo.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00a0situaci, kdy se m\u011bn\u00ed politick\u00fd re\u017eim, m\u011bn\u00ed se i \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, prob\u00edh\u00e1-li p\u0159echod od parlamentn\u00edho k\u00a0poloprezidentsk\u00e9mu re\u017eimu je dobr\u00e9, po\u010d\u00edtat s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee se to prom\u00edtne i do podoby \u00fastavn\u00edch zvyk\u016f. \u010cesk\u00e1 \u00fastava s\u00a0\u0159adou nejasn\u00fdch a r\u016fzn\u011b vylo\u017eiteln\u00fdch ustanoven\u00ed pro n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vhodn\u00fd prostor. Takov\u00e1 zm\u011bna \u00fastavn\u00edch zvyklost\u00ed je ale pochopiteln\u011b mo\u017en\u00e1 jen v\u00a0situaci, kdy to ostatn\u00ed politi\u010dt\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i, tedy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm strany, dovol\u00ed.” \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Lubom\u00edr Kope\u010dek<\/strong><\/p>\n

politolog, Fakulta soci\u00e1ln\u00edch studi\u00ed Masarykovy univerzity<\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prezident Zeman se dnes vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k\u00a0jednomu ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kamen\u016f liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie. K \u00fastavn\u00edm zvyklostem.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nJsou \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti idiotsk\u00e9, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 prezident? - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/jsou-ustavni-zvyklosti-idiotske-jak-rika-nas-prezident-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jsou \u00fastavn\u00ed zvyklosti idiotsk\u00e9, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 prezident? - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prezident Zeman se dnes vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k\u00a0jednomu ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kamen\u016f liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie. 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