{"id":5005,"date":"2013-08-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-07-31T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/mezi-byznysem-a-statem-rychla-a-levna-cesta-k-reseni-sporu-mediace-2\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:23:04","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:23:04","slug":"mezi-byznysem-a-statem-rychla-a-levna-cesta-k-reseni-sporu-mediace-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/mezi-byznysem-a-statem-rychla-a-levna-cesta-k-reseni-sporu-mediace-2\/","title":{"rendered":"MEZI BYZNYSEM A ST\u00c1TEM: Rychl\u00e1 a levn\u00e1 cesta k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f? Mediace."},"content":{"rendered":"

Mediace jako druh alternativn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f se, jak u\u017e to a\u017e podez\u0159ele \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1, ze zem\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie jako posledn\u00ed us\u00eddlila i v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Nem\u016f\u017ee zato a\u017e tolik aktivita rozli\u010dn\u00fdch nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch organizac\u00ed a asociac\u00ed medi\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed mediaci ji\u017e l\u00e9ta v\u00a0mal\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku vykon\u00e1vali i bez existence z\u00e1kona. Tyto skupiny ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na jej\u00edm \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm v anglosask\u00fdch zem\u00edch se u n\u00e1s sna\u017eili mediaci propagovat od devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let a prosazovat i p\u0159ijet\u00ed rozumn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. P\u0159esto bylo nutno po\u010dkat na transpozici\u00a0<\/span>sm\u011brnice Evropsk\u00e9 unii, kter\u00e1 upravuje mediaci v\u00a0p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch sporech<\/a>\u00a0 v\u00a0obchodn\u00edch a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u011bcech. Ta donutila i pomalej\u0161\u00ed a neochotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady zav\u00e9st tento ekonomicky i lidsky m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f\u00a0<\/span>formou z\u00e1kona\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0nejen pro spory p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed, ale i ty dom\u00e1c\u00ed, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed jen uvnit\u0159 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00a0jedn\u011bm z\u00a0m\u00e1la pr\u016fkopn\u00edk\u016f alternativn\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f v pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 obci pat\u0159\u00ed Robert Cholensk\u00fd, kter\u00fd letos u nakladatelstv\u00ed LINDE vydal knihu\u00a0Praktick\u00fd pr\u016fvodce mediac\u00ed<\/b><\/a>. Na \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky mediace pod veden\u00edm medi\u00e1tora se ned\u00edv\u00e1 pod lupou such\u00e9 racionality \u010di pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9ho formalismu, ale v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edch souvislostech. Tedy jako na sporn\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed svoje z\u00e1jmy \u010di pot\u0159eby, n\u011bkdy i s\u00a0n\u011bjakou tou vrstvou emoc\u00ed, je\u017e je pot\u0159eba i v\u00a0procesn\u011b zar\u00e1movan\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch co nejefektivn\u011bji uspokojit. Proto klade velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na \u010distotu procesu a jeho jednotliv\u00e9 f\u00e1ze. Za\u010d\u00edt je t\u0159eba s p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00edm o tom, jak v\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fd spor u\u017e p\u0159edem, co\u017e lze za\u010dlenit do smlouvy obdobn\u011b jako u rozhod\u010d\u00edch dolo\u017eek, nebo\u0165 p\u0159emlouv\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany k\u00a0mediaci a\u017e po vzniknut\u00ed sporu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slo\u017eit\u00e9. I tak je to ze za\u010d\u00e1tku \u2013 bez masivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zku\u0161enosti ob\u010dan\u016f v praxi \u2013 zat\u00edm \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cesta. Podrobn\u00fd popis pr\u016fb\u011bhu po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00ed mediace, kter\u00e9 po tomto za\u010d\u00e1tku a v\u00fdb\u011bru vhodn\u00e9ho medi\u00e1tora n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee podnikatel\u016fm \u010di p\u0159edstavitel\u016fm st\u00e1tn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f uva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm o jej\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00ed otev\u0159\u00edt o\u010di ohledn\u011b prostoru, kter\u00fd pro jejich pot\u0159eby mediace nab\u00edz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1kona bez osv\u011bty pomoci nemus\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n

To, \u017ee m\u00e1me k\u00a0mediaci od lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku z\u00e1kon a \u017ee zkou\u0161ky na registrovan\u00e9ho medi\u00e1tora \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b slo\u017eilo p\u0159ed komisemi ministerstva spravedlnosti \u2013 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b advok\u00e1t\u016f i p\u0159ed komisemi advok\u00e1tn\u00ed komory \u2013 prvn\u00edch n\u011bkolik jedinc\u016f, nesta\u010d\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, aby se mediace zpopularizovala a zapustila opravdov\u00e9 ko\u0159eny. Jej\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed mohou do budoucna doporu\u010dit soudci. A to v\u010detn\u011b uv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed toho, \u017ee n\u011bkdy p\u0159\u00edmo na\u0159\u00edd\u00ed stran\u00e1m str\u00e1vit 3 hodiny s medi\u00e1torem, b\u011bhem nich\u017e se mohou dohodnout na jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed a vyhnout se tak pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u soudu. To v\u0161ak st\u00e1le mnoho nemus\u00ed znamenat. P\u0159ed n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edci jsem se ve studii pro Evropskou komisi zab\u00fdval mimo jin\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b kvalitou fungov\u00e1n\u00ed mediace nejen v\u00a0\u010cesku, ale i na Slovensku, kde mediace d\u00edky ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 2004\u00a0schv\u00e1len\u00e9mu z\u00e1konu<\/a>\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00fd ten p\u00e1tek v\u00a0praxi funguje. A zjistil jsem, \u017ee form\u00e1ln\u00ed existence z\u00e1kona \u010di n\u011bkolika media\u010dn\u00edch center v\u016fbec nemus\u00ed znamenat odb\u0159emen\u011bn\u00ed soud\u016f nebo \u00fasporu \u010dasu i pen\u011bz podnikatel\u016f. Jej\u00ed efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed toti\u017e ve v\u00edce st\u00e1tech nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na st\u00e1le mal\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed u lid\u00ed, bez n\u011bj\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee vzniknout p\u0159irozen\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bra, kter\u00e1 by postupn\u011b nahradila zdlouhav\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f u formalisti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch instituc\u00ed. Cesta od pleten\u00ed si mediace kup\u0159\u00edkladu s\u00a0meditac\u00ed a p\u0159edstaven\u00edm si jej\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dnosti toti\u017e vede p\u0159es \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed a dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed osv\u011btu zejm\u00e9na ze strany pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch elit a pak tak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Samotn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny – zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0postkomunistick\u00fdch zem\u00edch EU – na osv\u011btu toti\u017e d\u016fraz nekladou. V\u00a0tom je velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos pr\u00e1v\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 publikace. Jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b upozor\u0148uje v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch exkurzech, d\u00edky mediaci mohou vedle rozv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch se rodi\u010d\u016f, jim\u017e (a jejich d\u011btem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm) by mohla mediace pomoci v\u00a0uleh\u010den\u00ed od t\u00edhy nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9ho rodinn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, \u010di spot\u0159ebitel\u016f, za\u010d\u00edt vyu\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm podnikatel\u00e9 p\u0159i sporech mezi sebou (v\u010detn\u011b negativn\u011b se vyvinuv\u0161\u00edch vztah\u016f s\u00a0obchodn\u00edmi partnery v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch zem\u00edch EU) nebo i se zam\u011bstnanci, a dokonce i st\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny samotn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Komu se mediace vyplat\u00ed?<\/b><\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee m\u00e1 autor\u00a0Praktick\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodce mediac\u00ed<\/i>\u00a0media\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fpravu vedle dal\u0161\u00edho z\u00a0USA a nav\u00edc \u0161irok\u00e9 historick\u00e9 a teoretick\u00e9 znalosti, odkazuje nejen na alternativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sporu obecn\u011b a zp\u016fsoby veden\u00ed media\u010dn\u00edch spor\u016f zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b, ale i na mo\u017enosti, kter\u00e9 mediace sk\u00fdt\u00e1 pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny \u010di byznys. Nejde jen o v\u011bcn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1mitek u liniov\u00fdch i dal\u0161\u00edch staveb, kde se li\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1hledy st\u00e1tn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f a dot\u010den\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f nebo ochr\u00e1nc\u016f p\u0159\u00edrody \u010di hled\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nebo mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed mediace ve slo\u017eit\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci\u00a0Public Private Partnershipu<\/i>. Pro\u010d nep\u0159eklenout tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 vlekl\u00e9 probl\u00e9my p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9ho resortismu jednotliv\u00fdch ministerstev veden\u00edm mediace i uvnit\u0159 st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy? Ne\u0161lo by se postupn\u011b u\u010dit p\u0159irozen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed komunikaci mezi z\u00e1stupci org\u00e1n\u016f, mezi nimi\u017e se m\u016f\u017ee klenout propast d\u00edky rozd\u00edln\u00e9mu pohledu na jednu v\u011bc v\u00a0r\u00e1mci schvalovan\u00fdch politik \u010di formalizovan\u00fdch p\u0159ipom\u00ednek v tabulkov\u00fdch formul\u00e1\u0159\u00edch k\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdm z\u00e1kon\u016fm?<\/p>\n

Jednoduch\u00fd koment\u00e1\u0159 k nov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00faprav\u011b \u2013 pro nepr\u00e1vn\u00edky se strachem z\u00a0nudn\u00e9ho zn\u011bn\u00ed paragraf\u016f na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed \u2013 tvo\u0159\u00ed jen men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st publikace. P\u0159esto je nutno vyzdvihnout, \u017ee vysv\u011btluje nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 po\u010detn\u00e1 ustanoven\u00ed media\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kona srozumiteln\u011b i pro laiky.\u00a0Gros<\/i>\u00a0pr\u016fvodce ov\u0161em p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti, v\u010detn\u011b veden\u00ed spor\u016f z\u00a0pozice rozhodce. Ty autorovi dovoluj\u00ed poskytnout n\u00e1vod v\u00a0jednoduch\u00fdch kroc\u00edch, jak si vybrat nejlep\u0161\u00ed metodu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sporu v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v\u00a0kontextu v\u0161ech mo\u017enost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nab\u00edzej\u00ed. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159 se tak m\u016f\u017ee dozv\u011bd\u011bt, pro\u010d i p\u0159es svoji praxi v\u00a0oblasti rozhodcovsky \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch spor\u016f d\u00e1v\u00e1 autor p\u0159ednost pro \u0159adu situac\u00ed mediaci nebo \u017ee je smluvn\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 ud\u011blat dolo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br mezi \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm za pomoci medi\u00e1tora \u010di rozhodce. Medi\u00e1tor se pak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vypl\u00e1c\u00ed zejm\u00e9na tam, kde nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba autoritativn\u00edho procesu s\u00a0prvky donucen\u00ed b\u011bhem n\u011bj samotn\u00e9ho v\u00a0podob\u011b p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed \u010di nucen\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fa\u010dasti na jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. S\u00a0takovouto znalost\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee u\u0161et\u0159it nejen opatrn\u00fd byznysman<\/i>, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd ob\u010dan.<\/p>\n

Rychlost: media\u010dn\u00ed gepard proti soudn\u00ed \u017eelv\u011b?<\/b><\/p>\n

Cesty k\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u011b efektivn\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sporu publikace d\u00e1le op\u00edr\u00e1 nejen o poznatky z prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f a odborn\u00fdch studi\u00ed v\u00a0anglosask\u00fdch zem\u00edch, jim\u017e mediace ekonomicky ulevuje od p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho soudnictv\u00ed i nerv\u016f sporn\u00fdch stran u\u017e des\u00edtky let, ale i o vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy v\u00a0\u010cesku. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159 se tak dozv\u00ed, \u017ee d\u00e9lka, n\u00e1kladnost i mo\u017enosti ovliv\u0148ovat pr\u016fb\u011bh a v\u00fdsledek soudn\u00edho sporu hraj\u00ed pro vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mediace i na z\u00e1klad\u011b autorova pr\u016fzkumu zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na datech ministerstva spravedlnosti o pr\u00e1ci soud\u016f u n\u00e1s. Z\u00a0v\u00fdzkum\u016f v\u00a0\u010cesku vych\u00e1z\u00ed, \u017ee soud u\u010din\u00ed pouh\u00fd prvn\u00ed \u00fakon v\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o sporu z\u00a0kupn\u00ed smlouvy \u010di smlouvy o d\u00edlo za 91-200 dn\u00ed po pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealoby! V\u00a0t\u00e9to lh\u016ft\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u stran, kter\u00e9 dop\u0159edu ve smlouv\u011b myslely na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sporu za pomoci mediace a jsou ochotny se spolu sch\u00e1zet, ji\u017e n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f skon\u010dena. Pokud by mediace skon\u010dila \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou dohodou po 60 dnech, st\u00e1le by trvala 25x krat\u0161\u00ed dobu ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed spory (v roce 2011 to \u010dinilo pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 1537 dn\u00ed). Oproti soudn\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je pr\u00e1v\u011b mediace zcela pod kontrolou sporn\u00fdch stran a je jen na nich, zda spolu uzav\u0159ou media\u010dn\u00ed dohodu a opat\u0159\u00ed j\u00ed i dolo\u017ekou vykonatelnosti u not\u00e1\u0159e, aby byla z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako rozhodnut\u00ed soudu. Bez existence z\u00e1kona se pr\u00e1v\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1vaznosti dohod uzav\u0159en\u00fdch na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b prob\u011bhl\u00e9 mediace lid\u00e9 b\u00e1li. Mediace d\u00edky nov\u00e9mu z\u00e1konu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 schv\u00e1lena jako soudn\u00ed sm\u00edr, mo\u017en\u00e9 je i vyd\u00e1n\u00ed media\u010dn\u00ed dohody ve form\u011b rozhod\u010d\u00edho n\u00e1lezu.<\/p>\n

Mediace m\u016f\u017ee jednodu\u0161e podle Roberta Cholensk\u00e9ho\u00a0\u201evylep\u0161it komunikaci mezi stranami a v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich \u0161ance na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kreativn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159idanou hodnotou, kter\u00e9 bude p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 pro ob\u011b strany\u201c<\/i>. A to rozhodn\u011b v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b, kde tvo\u0159ivost nahrazuje rigiditu ve st\u00e1le v\u00edce oblastech lidsk\u00e9ho kon\u00e1n\u00ed, stoj\u00ed za jej\u00ed vyzkou\u0161en\u00ed. Nemysl\u00edte?<\/p>\n

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Mediace jako druh alternativn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f se, jak u\u017e to a\u017e podez\u0159ele \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1, ze zem\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie jako posledn\u00ed us\u00eddlila i v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Nem\u016f\u017ee zato a\u017e tolik aktivita rozli\u010dn\u00fdch nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch organizac\u00ed a asociac\u00ed medi\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed mediaci ji\u017e l\u00e9ta v\u00a0mal\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku vykon\u00e1vali i bez existence z\u00e1kona. Tyto skupiny ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na jej\u00edm \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm v anglosask\u00fdch […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nMEZI BYZNYSEM A ST\u00c1TEM: Rychl\u00e1 a levn\u00e1 cesta k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f? 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