V\u00fdvoj \u010desk\u00e9 imigra\u010dn\u00ed legislativy pro\u0161el od roku 1993 n\u011bkolika\u00a0f\u00e1zemi<\/a>. Obecn\u011b se d\u00e1 \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee po\u010det cizinc\u016f leg\u00e1ln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky do roku 2008 kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b stoupal a pot\u00e9 za\u010dal stagnovat. Pot\u00e9, co se situace po rozpadu federace konsolidovala a imigrace se stala jedn\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch politick\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, fungovala v\u00a0\u010cR pom\u011brn\u011b restriktivn\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovaleck\u00e1 politika. To se zm\u011bnilo a\u017e se vstupem do Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u00a0roce 2004, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nutnosti p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se evropsk\u00e9 legislativ\u011b. P\u0159\u00edliv imigrant\u016f se zvy\u0161oval a\u017e do roku 2008, nebo\u0165\u00a0ekonomick\u00fd r\u016fst a p\u0159ebytek pracovn\u00edch pozic pro p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nekvalifikovan\u00e9 zam\u011bstnance rostl.<\/p>\n Do zem\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159i\u0161la vlna ekonomick\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ak po za\u010d\u00e1tku krize p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli o m\u00edsta jako prvn\u00ed. Nedostatek financ\u00ed a op\u011btovan\u00e9 zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed povolen\u00ed k\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9mu \u010di trval\u00e9mu pobytu vedlo mnoho lid\u00ed do situace, kdy nemaj\u00ed mo\u017enost pob\u00fdvat v\u00a0zemi leg\u00e1ln\u011b a tak upadaj\u00ed o ilegality. Po\u010det cizinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0zemi pob\u00fdvaj\u00ed nez\u00e1konn\u011b, nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 ur\u010dit, odhady se nej\u010dast\u011bji pohybuj\u00ed kolem \u010d\u00edsla 100\u00a0000.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi zem\u011bmi EU<\/strong><\/p>\n Slo\u017een\u00ed i po\u010det imigrant\u016f p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch do \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky se li\u0161\u00ed od\u00a0situace v\u00a0takzvan\u00fdch c\u00edlov\u00fdch zem\u00edch<\/a>\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy. Tam p\u0159i\u0161la prvn\u00ed vlna imigrant\u016f v\u00a060. letech, tedy v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho r\u016fstu. St\u00e1ty jejich p\u0159\u00edchod podporovaly, nebo\u0165 pot\u0159ebovaly zaplnit p\u0159ebytek pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst. Koncepce imigra\u010dn\u00ed politiky byla velmi liber\u00e1ln\u00ed a v\u00a0podstat\u011b st\u00e1la na premise, \u017ee cizinci ze zem\u011b op\u011bt odjedou pot\u00e9, co si dostate\u010dn\u011b vyd\u011blaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00a070. letech v\u0161ak p\u0159ekotn\u00fd r\u016fst ustal a zem\u011b se nadto za\u010daly pot\u00fdkat s\u00a0probl\u00e9my integrace imigrant\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed ze zem\u011b odej\u00edt necht\u011bli. Imigra\u010dn\u00ed politika se proto postupn\u011b zp\u0159\u00eds\u0148ovala a od Maastrichtsk\u00e9 smlouvy se stala i sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed politik Evropsk\u00e9 unie.\u00a033 milion\u016f osob<\/a>\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie m\u011blo v\u00a0lednu 2011 trval\u00fd pobyt v\u00a0jin\u00e9 zemi, ne\u017e jak\u00e1 je jejich n\u00e1rodnost. Odpov\u00edd\u00e1 to 6,6 % z\u00a0cel\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 populace.<\/p>\n Dv\u011b t\u0159etiny z\u00a0nich poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze zem\u00ed mimo Evropskou unii. Mezi imigranty ze t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00ed je v\u00a0r\u00e1mci EU nejv\u00edce t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed mimo EU (37 %), n\u00e1sledov\u00e1no p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci z\u00a0Afriky (25 %) a Asie (21 %). P\u0159es \u010dtvrtinu z t\u011bchto dvaceti milion\u016f cizinc\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed t\u0159i\u00a0nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1rodnosti<\/a>: Turci, Maro\u010dan\u00e9 a Alb\u00e1nci. Nejv\u00edce imigrant\u016f v roce 2011 hl\u00e1silo N\u011bmecko n\u00e1sledov\u00e1no \u0160pan\u011blskem, It\u00e1li\u00ed, Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a Franci\u00ed. T\u011bchto p\u011bt zem\u00ed se stalo \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011bm v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159em \u010dtvrtin\u00e1m imigrant\u016f v EU.<\/p>\n V\u00a0r\u00e1mci zem\u00ed\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku<\/a>, je\u017e hranice pro migranty otev\u0159ely a\u017e po p\u00e1du \u017eelezn\u00e9 opony, maj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed procento cizinc\u016f trvale \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu pobaltsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, kde i po rozpadu SSSR z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed statis\u00edce Rus\u016f. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy m\u00e1 \u010cesk\u00e1 republika spolu se Slovinskem v\u00a0populaci shodn\u011b 4 % cizinc\u016f. V\u00a0Ma\u010farsku \u017eije 2,1 % cizinc\u016f, na Slovensku 1,7 % a v\u00a0Polsku pouh\u00fdch 0,1 %.<\/p>\n \u010cesk\u00e1 republika je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 sv\u00fdmi mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b dlouh\u00fdmi lh\u016ftami p\u0159i vy\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o azyl, tohoto institutu tud\u00ed\u017e v\u00a0roce 2011 vyu\u017eilo jen\u00a0750 \u017eadatel\u016f<\/a>, co\u017e je nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00edce ne\u017e dvakr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e ve srovnateln\u011b velk\u00e9m Ma\u010farsku. Po\u010det \u017eadatel\u016f o azyl v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice dlouhodob\u011b\u00a0kles\u00e1<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0roce 2001 o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ochranu po\u017e\u00e1dalo p\u0159es 18 tis\u00edc osob. Ro\u010dn\u011b v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice azyl dostane p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 150 osob.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Chov\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice<\/strong><\/p>\n P\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f na pracovn\u00edm trhu je pot\u0159eba rozli\u0161ovat mezi cizinci poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi z\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unie a zem\u00ed EFTA a t\u011bmi p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi ze\u00a0t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco prvn\u00ed skupina m\u00e1 p\u0159i vstupu na pracovn\u00ed trh \u010cR stejn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jako \u010de\u0161t\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9, ostatn\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci mus\u00ed p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem do pr\u00e1ce z\u00edskat povolen\u00ed k\u00a0pobytu a pracovn\u00ed povolen\u00ed.<\/p>\n Situace t\u011bchto cizinc\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0produktivn\u00edm v\u011bku, je tud\u00ed\u017e o pozn\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a je\u0161t\u011b se markantn\u011b zhor\u0161ila s\u00a0n\u00e1stupem ekonomick\u00e9 recese. Zat\u00edmco\u00a0v\u00a0roce 2008 pracovalo<\/a>\u00a070 % p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f z\u00a0t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00ed, o rok pozd\u011bji ji\u017e jen 54 %. I p\u0159es tento pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch mezi imigranty je jich na \u00fa\u0159adech pr\u00e1ce zaregistrov\u00e1no jen minimum a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00e1vky mezi nimi pob\u00edr\u00e1 jen n\u011bco p\u0159es tis\u00edc osob.<\/p>\n Pokud v\u0161ak do statistik zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me i ob\u010dany ze zem\u00ed EU a EFTA, vyjde n\u00e1m, \u017ee t\u0159i\u00a0\u010dtvrtiny cizinc\u016f<\/a>\u00a0\u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice pracuj\u00ed, a to a\u0165 u\u017e jako zam\u011bstnanci (cca 70 %) nebo jako podnikatel\u00e9. V\u00edce ne\u017e sto tis\u00edc nepracuj\u00edc\u00edch \u017eije v\u00a0zemi proto, \u017ee zde pracuje n\u011bkter\u00fd jejich rodinn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk. Cizinci nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u016fsob\u00ed ve stavebnictv\u00ed \u010di zpracovatelsk\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n Cizinci \u017eij\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech<\/a>\u00a0a jejich okol\u00ed, jmenovit\u011b v\u00a0Praze (160 tis\u00edc), St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9m kraji (58 tis\u00edc) a Jihomoravsk\u00e9m kraji (36 tis\u00edc). Nap\u0159\u00edklad na Vyso\u010din\u011b jich naopak \u017eije pouze 8 tis\u00edc.\u00a0V\u00fdvoj po\u010dtu cizinc\u016f<\/a>v\u00a0kraj\u00edch ani celost\u00e1tn\u011b nijak nekoreluje s\u00a0kriminalitou<\/a>\u00a0na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se posledn\u00edch deset let obecn\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e sni\u017euje, zat\u00edmco po\u010det cizinc\u016f stoup\u00e1 \u010di v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech stagnuje.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Postoje \u010cech\u016f k\u00a0cizinc\u016fm<\/strong><\/p>\n Dlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdzkum\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch postoj\u016f k\u00a0imigrant\u016fm<\/a>, kter\u00fd mezi lety 2003 a 2011 prov\u00e1d\u011bla spole\u010dnost CVVM, nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i pova\u017euj\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f do pracovn\u00edch pozic sp\u00ed\u0161e za spr\u00e1vn\u00e9. I p\u0159esto lze mezi roky 2008 a 2009 sledovat zm\u011bnu v\u00fdvoje vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f na pracovn\u00edm trhu. Zat\u00edmco p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem krize souhlasilo s\u00a0tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee levn\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed s\u00edla ohro\u017euje zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f, 66,2 procenta, v\u00a0roce 2009 to bylo 77 procent a o rok pozd\u011bji je\u0161t\u011b o t\u0159i v\u00edc.<\/p>\n Mezi nejl\u00e9pe p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e9 ob\u010dany ciz\u00edch n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesku tradi\u010dn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed Slov\u00e1ci n\u00e1sledovan\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1rodnostmi st\u0159edn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy. Z\u00a0pr\u016fzkumu naopak vych\u00e1z\u00ed, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i zde p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 r\u00e1di nevid\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalce z muslimsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jmenovit\u011b Afgh\u00e1nce nebo Palestince.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.novinyvm.cz\/down\/20111215\/cizinci.jpg\")
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![750 \u017eadatel\u016f<\/a>, co\u017e je nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00edce ne\u017e dvakr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e ve srovnateln\u011b velk\u00e9m Ma\u010farsku. Po\u010det \u017eadatel\u016f o azyl v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice dlouhodob\u011b\u00a0](\"https:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/statistics_explained\/index.php?title=File:Number_of_(non-EU-27)_asylum_applicants_in_the_EU_and_EFTA_Member_States_and_their_age_distribution,_2011.png&filetimestamp=20121012123334\"){kind=link}
![kriminalitou<\/a>\u00a0na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se posledn\u00edch deset let obecn\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e sni\u017euje, zat\u00edmco po\u010det cizinc\u016f stoup\u00e1 \u010di v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech stagnuje.<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nPostoje \u010cech\u016f k\u00a0cizinc\u016fm<\/strong><\/p>\nDlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdzkum\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch postoj\u016f k\u00a0imigrant\u016fm<\/a>, kter\u00fd mezi lety 2003 a 2011 prov\u00e1d\u011bla spole\u010dnost CVVM, nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i pova\u017euj\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f do pracovn\u00edch pozic sp\u00ed\u0161e za spr\u00e1vn\u00e9. I p\u0159esto lze mezi roky 2008 a 2009 sledovat zm\u011bnu v\u00fdvoje vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f na pracovn\u00edm trhu. Zat\u00edmco p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem krize souhlasilo s\u00a0tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee levn\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed s\u00edla ohro\u017euje zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f, 66,2 procenta, v\u00a0roce 2009 to bylo 77 procent a o rok pozd\u011bji je\u0161t\u011b o t\u0159i v\u00edc.<\/p>\nMezi nejl\u00e9pe p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e9 ob\u010dany ciz\u00edch n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesku tradi\u010dn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed Slov\u00e1ci n\u00e1sledovan\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1rodnostmi st\u0159edn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy. Z\u00a0pr\u016fzkumu naopak vych\u00e1z\u00ed, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i zde p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 r\u00e1di nevid\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalce z muslimsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jmenovit\u011b Afgh\u00e1nce nebo Palestince.<\/p>\nV\u00fdzkum European Society Survey<\/a>\u00a0z\u00a0roku 2002 ukazuje, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0evropsk\u00e9m kontextu ke konzervativn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1rod\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vn\u00edmaj\u00ed kulturn\u00ed diverzifikaci sp\u00ed\u0161e negativn\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad s\u00a0v\u00fdrokem\u00a0Pro zemi je lep\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni sd\u00edlej\u00ed stejn\u00e9 zvyky a tradice\u00a0<\/em>souhlas\u00ed skoro 70 procent \u010cech\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed souhlas s\u00a0t\u00edmto postojem u\u017e byl mezi osmn\u00e1cti m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi zaznamen\u00e1n pouze v\u00a0Portugalsku, Polsku a \u0158ecku. Naopak ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku, \u0160v\u00fdcarsku \u010di N\u011bmecku se s\u00a0t\u00edmto v\u00fdrokem ztoto\u017e\u0148uje jen n\u011bco pod 40 procent lid\u00ed.<\/p>\nV\u00fdzkum European Values Study<\/a>\u00a0z\u00a0roku 2006 zase uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i vn\u00edmaj\u00ed vliv imigrant\u016f na ekonomiku i kulturu na\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b m\u00edrn\u011b negativn\u011b a pat\u0159\u00ed i v\u00a0tomto ohledu k\u00a0nejskepti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mezi deseti m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi evropsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody.<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nJak jsme na tom?<\/strong><\/p>\n\u010cesk\u00e1 imigra\u010dn\u00ed politika se vyv\u00edjela podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch postkomunistick\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, mezi nimi\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0procentu\u00e1ln\u00edm pod\u00edlu cizinc\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti sp\u00ed\u0161e k\u00a0nadpr\u016fm\u011bru. V\u00a0celoevropsk\u00e9m kontextu v\u0161ak st\u00e1le pat\u0159\u00ed ke spole\u010dnostem sp\u00ed\u0161e homogenn\u00edm. N\u00e1rodnosti \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou ze sousedn\u00edch zem\u00ed nebo ze zem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9ho sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho bloku.<\/p>\n\u010cesk\u00e1 imigra\u010dn\u00ed politika pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0evropsk\u00e9m kontextu k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a po za\u010d\u00e1tku krize se mo\u017enosti imigrant\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky je\u0161t\u011b zkomplikovaly. Po\u010det imigrant\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v \u010cesku podle statistik nijak nesouvis\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdvojem kriminality a v\u011bt\u0161ina cizinc\u016f na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed leg\u00e1ln\u011b pracuje.<\/p>\nVideoz\u00e1znam z Debaty o \u010desk\u00fdch z\u00e1jmech o uvoln\u011bn\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 imigra\u010dn\u00ed politiky<\/em><\/p>\n](\"https:\/\/img.aktualne.centrum.cz\/486\/9\/4860945-kriminalita-2011.jpg\"){kind=link}