{"id":41601,"date":"2025-10-21T12:00:17","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T10:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/?p=41601"},"modified":"2025-11-26T13:34:23","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T11:34:23","slug":"the-middle-east-has-oil-china-has-rare-earths-beijing-weaponizes-supply-chains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/the-middle-east-has-oil-china-has-rare-earths-beijing-weaponizes-supply-chains\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201eBl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod m\u00e1 ropu, \u010c\u00edna zase vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kovy\u201c. Jak Peking vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce jako zbra\u0148"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"41601\" class=\"elementor elementor-41601\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a7710f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6a7710f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4771ef45\" data-id=\"4771ef45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-761e6a0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"761e6a0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-element-761e6a0d{display:none !important}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5646f037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5646f037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Foto: Oxidy vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin. Zdroj: <a href=\"https:\/\/mailing.europeanvalues.cz\/link\/c\/YT0yODYwNDI0MTI5MTUwOTc3NTk0JmM9dTF0NyZlPTc2MDQ0OTk0JmI9MTQ4NzYyMjY5OSZkPWU2YjhtNnM=.Si-RZIMucCZDhizReOohUmb82BWGNDCBBmv3-2pvWyc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-755fe018 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"755fe018\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33fe894\" data-id=\"33fe894\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-154800a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"154800a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-no-translation=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7fb3a032\" data-id=\"7fb3a032\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fdebb45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fdebb45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Co se d\u011bje?<\/h2><p>Dne 9. \u0159\u00edjna 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/how-chinas-new-rare-earth-export-controls-work-2025-10-10\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>ozn\u00e1mila \u010c\u00edna nov\u00e9 zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed kontrol v\u00fdvozu vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin<\/strong><\/a>. Seznam zahrnuje tak\u00e9 des\u00edtky typ\u016f za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a materi\u00e1l\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b a v\u00a0rafin\u00e9ri\u00edch, ale i souvisej\u00edc\u00ed technologie \u2013 zejm\u00e9na magnety, zpracovatelsk\u00e9 stroje a materi\u00e1ly s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm jak civiln\u00edm, tak vojensk\u00fdm.<\/p><p>Podle nov\u00fdch pravidel mus\u00ed <strong>v\u00fdvozci p\u0159ed odesl\u00e1n\u00edm vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin do zahrani\u010d\u00ed z\u00edskat licence od \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy.<\/strong> Peking tak\u00e9 poprv\u00e9 po\u017eaduje, aby <strong>zahrani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdrobci, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy <\/strong>nebo <strong>rafina\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong> <strong>poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z \u010c\u00edny<\/strong>, p\u0159ed v\u00fdvozem sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch produkt\u016f <strong>po\u017e\u00e1dali o schv\u00e1len\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Tento krok navazuje na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/chinas-curbs-exports-strategic-minerals-2025-10-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrikce z dubna 2025<\/a>. Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vztahuj\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed prvky a zpracovatelsk\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vstoup\u00ed v platnost 8. listopadu, t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed vypr\u0161en\u00edm 90denn\u00edho obchodn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed mezi Washingtonem a Pekingem. Nov\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pravidla pro ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed licenc\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edm spole\u010dnostem, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy nebo strojn\u00ed techniku, vstoup\u00ed v platnost 1. prosince.<\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2>Jak\u00e9 jsou \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed souvislosti?<\/h2><p><strong>\u010c\u00edna dominuje<\/strong> mezi v\u0161emi producenty <strong>v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin<\/strong> a p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70 % glob\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby a 90 % rafin\u00e9rsk\u00e9 kapacity. V praxi mus\u00ed i zem\u011b jako Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nebo Austr\u00e1lie, kter\u00e9 rudy vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, \u010dasto pos\u00edlat suroviny do \u010c\u00edny ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, ne\u017e je lze d\u00e1le vyu\u017e\u00edt. Toto t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 monopoln\u00ed postaven\u00ed <strong>d\u00e1v\u00e1<\/strong> <strong>Pekingu obrovskou v\u00fdhodu<\/strong>. Rafina\u010dn\u00ed proces je technicky slo\u017eit\u00fd, energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd a vysoce \u0161kodliv\u00fd z hlediska \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. \u010c\u00edna d\u00edky v\u010dasn\u00fdm investic\u00edm, ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm environment\u00e1ln\u00edm standard\u016fm a vl\u00e1dn\u00edm dotac\u00edm dok\u00e1zala sv\u00e9 konkurenty porazit. V d\u016fsledku toho v posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech desetilet\u00edch zem\u011b jako Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty postupn\u011b <strong>uzav\u0159ely sv\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed rafin\u00e9rsk\u00e9 z\u00e1vody<\/strong> a staly se, co se t\u00fd\u010de vysoce \u010dist\u00fdch produkt\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin, <strong>z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m v\u00fdvozu<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Vzhledem k t\u00e9to rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti za\u010daly n\u011bkter\u00e9 zem\u011b <strong>obnovovat a diverzifikovat sv\u00e9 dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce<\/strong>. Opat\u0159en\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin\u00e1ch zavedly USA, EU, Japonsko i Austr\u00e1lie.\u00a0<\/p><p>Za t\u011bmito p\u0159ekotn\u00fdmi snahami se v\u0161ak skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed obavy: dominance jedin\u00e9ho dodavatele vede nejen k ekonomick\u00e9 zranitelnosti, ale p\u0159edstavuje tak\u00e9 strategick\u00e1 a politick\u00e1 rizika. \u010c\u00edna d\u00edky sv\u00e9 kontrole nad vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi zeminami disponuje mocn\u00fdm geopolitick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem. Jak ji\u017e v roce 1992 poznamenal tehdej\u0161\u00ed de facto v\u016fdce \u010c\u00edny <a href=\"https:\/\/nm.cnr.cn\/nmzt\/60dq\/tjnmg\/20070412\/t20070412_504442760.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teng Siao-pching (\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73)<\/a>: \u201eBl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod m\u00e1 ropu, \u010c\u00edna zase vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kovy.\u201c Tato v\u011bta vystihuje dlouhodob\u00fd pohled Pekingu na vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy, kter\u00e9 nevn\u00edm\u00e1 pouze jako pr\u016fmyslovou surovinu, ale i jako strategick\u00fd zdroj, kter\u00fd je z hlediska glob\u00e1ln\u00edho vlivu srovnateln\u00fd s ropou. Ochotu vyu\u017e\u00edt svou dominanci jako zbra\u0148 Peking ostatn\u011b ji\u017e prok\u00e1zal. V roce 2010, b\u011bhem diplomatick\u00e9ho sporu s Japonskem o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/09\/23\/business\/global\/23rare.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ostrovy Senkaku<\/a>, do\u010dasn\u011b v\u00fdvoz vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin zastavil, co\u017e vedlo k prudk\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu glob\u00e1ln\u00edch cen a odhalilo, jak z\u00e1visl\u00e9 jsou na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch vysp\u011bl\u00e9 ekonomiky.\u00a0<\/p><p>Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee o patn\u00e1ct let pozd\u011bji se historie opakuje. S t\u00edm, jak Peking op\u011bt zp\u0159\u00eds\u0148uje kontroly v\u00fdvozu, jsou na glob\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu ozv\u011bny t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti patrn\u00e9. Pot\u00e9, co \u010c\u00edna 9. \u0159\u00edjna rozhodla o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdvozn\u00edch kontrol kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch miner\u00e1l\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin, americk\u00fd prezident <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/trump-says-weighing-massive-increase-tariffs-chinese-imports-no-reason-meet-with-2025-10-10\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Donald Trump ost\u0159e kritizoval Si \u0164in-pchinga (\u7fd2\u8fd1\u5e73)<\/a> na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch. Rozho\u0159\u010den t\u00edmto \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm krokem, ozn\u00e1mil Trump dodate\u010dn\u00e9 100% clo na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 vstoupit v platnost 1. listopadu.<\/p><h2>\u00a0<\/h2><h2>Pro\u010d je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?<\/h2><p>Dopady nov\u00fdch \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch v\u00fdvozn\u00edch omezen\u00ed sahaj\u00ed daleko za hranice samotn\u00e9ho trhu se vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi zeminami a dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed se j\u00e1dra glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 a energetick\u00e9 transformace.\u00a0<\/p><p>Pro Evropu, kter\u00e1 usiluje o zelenou transformaci a technologickou suverenitu, je krok Pekingu tvrdou p\u0159ipom\u00ednkou toho, jak hluboce jsou vysp\u011bl\u00e9 ekonomiky st\u00e1le z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch dodavatelsk\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u00edch. <strong>EU<\/strong> v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b <strong>dov\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 90 % sv\u00fdch vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin z \u010c\u00edny<\/strong>. Navzdory snah\u00e1m o diverzifikaci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/critical-raw-materials\/critical-raw-materials-act_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Z\u00e1kona o kritick\u00fdch surovin\u00e1ch<\/a> (CRMA) <strong>Evropa st\u00e1le postr\u00e1d\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 rafin\u00e9rsk\u00e9 kapacity.<\/strong> Vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro v\u00fdrobu motor\u016f elektrick\u00fdch vozidel, v\u011btrn\u00fdch turb\u00edn a obrann\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1kladem jak Green Dealu, tak evropsk\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f strategick\u00e9 autonomie. Pokud Peking zp\u0159\u00edsn\u00ed v\u00fdvoz nebo zpozd\u00ed vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed licenc\u00ed, evrop\u0161t\u00ed v\u00fdrobci by mohli \u010delit zpomalen\u00ed v\u00fdroby a rostouc\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Photo: Rare-earth oxides. Source: USDA Foto: Oxidy vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin. Zdroj: USDA What is happening? On October 9, 2025, China announced a new round of tightened export controls on rare earth elements. The list also includes dozens of types of equipment and materials used in mining and refining processes as well as related technologies\u2014particularly magnets, processing [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":41603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[500],"tags":[568],"class_list":["post-41601","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-ting-wei-chen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u201cThe Middle East Has Oil, China Has Rare Earths\u201d: Beijing Weaponizes Supply Chains - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/the-middle-east-has-oil-china-has-rare-earths-beijing-weaponizes-supply-chains\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cThe Middle East Has Oil, China Has Rare Earths\u201d: Beijing Weaponizes Supply Chains - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Photo: Rare-earth oxides. 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