{"id":3511,"date":"2017-12-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-12-23T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/50-let-od-sestidenni-valky-a-treti-dekada-dohod-z-osla-proc-politika-eu-na-blizkem-vychode-selhava\/"},"modified":"2021-05-20T17:29:53","modified_gmt":"2021-05-20T15:29:53","slug":"50-let-od-sestidenni-valky-a-treti-dekada-dohod-z-osla-proc-politika-eu-na-blizkem-vychode-selhava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/50-let-od-sestidenni-valky-a-treti-dekada-dohod-z-osla-proc-politika-eu-na-blizkem-vychode-selhava\/","title":{"rendered":"50 let od \u0161estidenn\u00ed v\u00e1lky a t\u0159et\u00ed dek\u00e1da dohod z Osla. Pro\u010d politika EU na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b selh\u00e1v\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Byla to politika EHS a EU b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159 dek\u00e1d, kter\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila Palestince, \u017ee navzdory tomu, \u017ee v konfliktech v letech 1948 a 1967 st\u00e1li na stran\u011b pora\u017een\u00fdch, maj\u00ed st\u00e1le n\u00e1rok na sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fd st\u00e1t, a\u010dkoli nikdy takov\u00fd st\u00e1t nem\u011bli, jeliko\u017e ji\u017e v letech 1937, 1948 a 1949 prop\u00e1sli mo\u017enost jej zalo\u017eit.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vno p\u0159ijat\u00e1 rezoluce RB OSN 2334 je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jednu z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch diplomatick\u00fdch por\u00e1\u017eek Izraele \u2013 Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 v mnoha p\u0159edchoz\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech podobn\u00e9 rezoluce vetovaly, se tentokr\u00e1t zdr\u017eely hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed. Na druhou stranu tato rezoluce nevyb\u00edz\u00ed k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm dal\u0161\u00edm krok\u016fm proti Izraeli.[1]<\/sup><\/a> V z\u00e1sad\u011b jen potvrzuje obecn\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00fd narativ, kde izraelsk\u00e9 osady na Z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu Jord\u00e1nu jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed a za p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku m\u00edrov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dlouholet\u00e9ho izraelsko-arabsk\u00e9ho konfliktu. Toto m\u00edrov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 dle EU a OSN v\u00a0ustanoven\u00ed dvou st\u00e1t\u016f: Izraele a Palestiny, kter\u00e9 bok po boku existuj\u00ed v m\u00edru a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci, tedy tzv. dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Dnes je dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 v\u00edc ne\u017e kdykoli p\u0159edt\u00edm. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je na \u010dase tento narativ zm\u011bnit.<\/p>\n

Izraelsko-egyptsk\u00e1 m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva jako paradigma \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho m\u00edrov\u00e9ho procesu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 diplomacie je izraelsko-egyptsk\u00e1 m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva z\u00a0r. 1979, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e jako dohoda z\u00a0Camp Davidu, podepsan\u00e1 pod faktick\u00fdm dohledem USA. Pro USA p\u0159edstavovala tato dohoda velk\u00fd diplomatick\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch. Izrael z\u016fstal nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm spojencem USA na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b, zat\u00edmco Egypt se poda\u0159ilo vytrhnout ze sov\u011btsk\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry vlivu a obr\u00e1tit jej rovn\u011b\u017e ve spojence USA. Jak je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee diplomacie USA zaznamenala takov\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch, zat\u00edmco se nikomu dosud nepoda\u0159ilo sjednat podobnou m\u00edrovou dohodu mezi Izraelem a Palestinci?<\/p>\n

Izraelsko-egyptsk\u00e1 m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva s\u00a0sebou pro ob\u011b znep\u0159\u00e1telen\u00e9 strany nesla ur\u010dit\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Egypt ztratil svou v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed pozici v\u00a0arabsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed arabsk\u00e1 zem\u011b byla na deset let vylou\u010dena z\u00a0Arabsk\u00e9 ligy, diplomatick\u00e9 vztahy se SSSR z\u016fstaly na bodu mrazu a\u017e do zhroucen\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho bloku.[2]<\/sup><\/a> Egyptsk\u00fd prezident Anwar Sadat nakonec zaplatil cenu nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u2013 v\u00a0roce 1981 byl zavra\u017ed\u011bn.<\/p>\n

Izrael ztratil Sinaj, strategickou oblast bohatou na nerostn\u00e9 suroviny, rovn\u011b\u017e musel vyklidit sv\u00e9 osady na sinajsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Izraelsko-egyptsk\u00e1 hranice se posunula o 200 km bl\u00ed\u017ee k Tel Avivu, co\u017e bylo vzhledem k\u00a0ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 (1973) v\u00e1lce pova\u017eov\u00e1no za zna\u010dn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed riziko, a\u010dkoli Sinaj z\u016fstala demilitarizovanou oblast\u00ed.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

I p\u0159es tyto ztr\u00e1ty ob\u011b strany s\u00a0podm\u00ednkami smlouvy nakonec souhlasily, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky nab\u00eddce Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f: ekonomick\u00e1 a vojensk\u00e1 pomoc Egyptu i Izraeli (a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159evahy Izraele nad ostatn\u00edmi bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00edmi zem\u011bmi). Ob\u011b zem\u011b se tedy musely vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s\u00a0\u00fazemn\u00edmi \u010di politick\u00fdmi ztr\u00e1tami, av\u0161ak z\u00edskaly mocn\u00e9ho spojence a ztr\u00e1ty byly v\u00edce ne\u017e bohat\u011b kompenzov\u00e1ny. Egypt se \u010dasem op\u011bt stal v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed silou arabsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a Izrael hegemonem Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu.<\/p>\n

Selh\u00e1n\u00ed oselsk\u00fdch dohod<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pokud tento sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 porovn\u00e1me se sou\u010dasn\u00fdm stavem na Z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu a v\u00a0P\u00e1smu Gazy, m\u00e1me zde zcela odli\u0161nou situaci. Sv\u011btov\u00e1 a evropsk\u00e1 diplomacie zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 uv\u00edzla v\u00a0konfliktu, kter\u00fd zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 smyslupln\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro ani jednu z bojuj\u00edc\u00edch stran.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak zkusme si p\u0159edstavit hypotetickou situaci, tedy ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed podle EU: Izrael se zcela st\u00e1hne ze Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu, odsune ve\u0161ker\u00e9 osady s\u00a0cca 400 000 obyvateli a spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Palestinci najde konsenzus ohledn\u011b Jeruzal\u00e9ma. Palestinci d\u00e1le opust\u00ed sv\u016fj po\u017eadavek na n\u00e1vrat milion\u016f potomk\u016f palestinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0r. 1948 zp\u011bt do Izraele, poskytnou Izraeli bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky a n\u011bjak\u00fdm z\u00e1zrakem dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ustanovit a udr\u017eet \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd st\u00e1t na Z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu i v\u00a0Gaze.<\/p>\n

Nikdo si bohu\u017eel neklade ot\u00e1zku, pro\u010d by to Izrael nebo Palestinci m\u011bli ud\u011blat.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d by se Izraelci m\u011bli st\u00e1hnout ze Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu, zanechat tam v\u0161e, co vybudovali, a p\u0159istoupit na to, \u017ee hranice povede kolem p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma a Tel Avivu? M\u00e1 EU nebo Bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00ed kvartet v\u00a0z\u00e1loze n\u011bco, \u010d\u00edm by tyto \u00fastupky mohly kompenzovat? Up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b \u2013 nem\u00e1. Nanejv\u00fd\u0161 by EU mohla nab\u00eddnout Izraeli bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky, ale vzhledem k\u00a0bezzub\u00e9 politice EU v\u016f\u010di rusk\u00e9 agresi na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Ukrajin\u011b by jen t\u011b\u017eko n\u011bjak\u00fd st\u00e1t bral takov\u00e9 z\u00e1ruky od EU v\u00e1\u017en\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d by m\u011bli na takov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159istoupit Palestinci? Pro\u010d by v\u016fbec m\u011bli p\u0159ij\u00edmat jak\u00e9koli \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kdy\u017e mohou z\u00edskat cokoli bez toho, aby svou politiku jakkoli m\u011bnili? Byla to politika EHS a EU b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159ech dek\u00e1d, kter\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila Palestince, \u017ee navzdory tomu, \u017ee byli pora\u017eeni v konfliktech v letech 1948 a 1967, maj\u00ed st\u00e1le n\u00e1rok na sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fd st\u00e1t, a\u010dkoli nikdy takov\u00fd st\u00e1t nem\u011bli, jeliko\u017e ji\u017e v letech 1937, 1948 a 1949 prop\u00e1sli mo\u017enost jej zalo\u017eit.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 anga\u017em\u00e1 v\u00a0izraelsko-palestinsk\u00e9m konfliktu za\u010dalo ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1980 Ben\u00e1tskou deklarac\u00ed dev\u00edti \u010dlen\u016f EHS. Je ironi\u00ed, \u017ee tato deklarace byla inspirov\u00e1na \u00fasp\u011bchem m\u00edrov\u00e9ho procesu mezi Izraelem a Egyptem.<\/p>\n

\u201eDev\u011bt \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f Evropsk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee tradi\u010dn\u00ed vazby a spole\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy, propojuj\u00edc\u00ed Evropu s\u00a0Bl\u00edzk\u00fdm v\u00fdchodem, je zavazuj\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, aby hr\u00e1ly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00falohu a aby vypracovaly konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cestu k\u00a0m\u00edru.\u201c[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel EHS si vylo\u017eilo svou \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00falohu\u201c zcela \u0161patn\u011b. Nam\u00edsto aby zajistilo vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mezi znep\u0159\u00e1telen\u00fdmi stranami (jako to ud\u011blaly USA v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Izraele a Egypta), opakovalo dev\u011bt st\u00e1t\u016f tragickou politiku britsk\u00e9ho Foreign Office z\u00a0obdob\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 krize z\u00a0druh\u00e9 poloviny 30. let.[6]<\/sup><\/a> Nejen\u017ee se hlavn\u00ed b\u0159\u00edm\u011b zodpov\u011bdnosti p\u0159esunulo na Izrael,[7]<\/sup><\/a> ale st\u00e1ty EHS byly rovn\u011b\u017e ochotn\u00e9 jednat s\u00a0OOP, kter\u00e1 byla tehdy dle sv\u00fdch stanov odhodl\u00e1na zni\u010dit Izrael.[8]<\/sup><\/a> Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 deklarace \u017e\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed jednostrann\u00e9 sta\u017een\u00ed Izraele na zelenou linii se tak stala prvn\u00edm bianco \u0161ekem, kter\u00fd EHS poskytlo OOP.<\/p>\n

Jako uk\u00e1zku odli\u0161n\u00e9ho typu pokusu o sjedn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edru lze uv\u00e9st Lond\u00fdnskou dohodu z\u00a0dubna 1987, podepsanou \u0160imonem Peresem a jord\u00e1nsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lem Husajnem. Lond\u00fdnsk\u00e1 dohoda m\u011bla poskytnout r\u00e1mec mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9 konferenci. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed konfliktu m\u011blo spo\u010d\u00edvat v p\u0159ijet\u00ed rezoluc\u00ed 242, respektive 338 a odm\u00edtnut\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed a terorismu jako prost\u0159edku politick\u00e9ho boje, co\u017e z\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vylou\u010dilo OOP \u2013 Palestince m\u011blo zastupovat Jord\u00e1nsko. Pl\u00e1novan\u00e1 konference by tak obe\u0161la n\u00e1vrhy na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konfliktu ze strany EHS i sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho bloku, ale izraelsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Jicchak \u0160amir, kter\u00fd \u201ejord\u00e1nsk\u00e9 variant\u011b\u201c nebyl naklon\u011bn, nakonec dohodu odm\u00edtl \u2013 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b kv\u016fli animozit\u011b v\u016f\u010di Peresovi, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b kv\u016fli negativn\u00edmu postoji k mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm konferenc\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Jord\u00e1nsk\u00e1 varianta byla jedn\u00edm z izraelsk\u00fdch n\u00e1vrh\u016f na vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se s probl\u00e9mem okupace Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu. Zat\u00edmco palestinsk\u00e1 varianta po\u010d\u00edtala s\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00edm palestinsk\u00e9 autonomn\u00ed nebo poloautonomn\u00ed oblasti, jord\u00e1nsk\u00e1 varianta znamenala n\u00e1vrat v\u011bt\u0161iny Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu Jord\u00e1nsku v\u00fdm\u011bnou za m\u00edrovou dohodu. Po selh\u00e1n\u00ed Lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9 dohody vypukla v\u00a0prosinci 1987 prvn\u00ed intif\u00e1da a v\u00a0\u010dervenci 1988 se Jord\u00e1nsko z\u0159eklo ve\u0161ker\u00fdch n\u00e1rok\u016f na Z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh, \u010d\u00edm\u017e cel\u00fd proces posunulo z\u00a0roviny Izrael \u2013 Jord\u00e1nsko (tedy symetrick\u00e9 diplomacie mezi dv\u011bma suver\u00e9nn\u00edmi st\u00e1ty) do roviny Izrael \u2013 Palestinci (asymetrick\u00fd vztah suver\u00e9nn\u00edho st\u00e1tu a nestabiln\u00ed, pouze form\u00e1ln\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00ed entity).<\/p>\n

Za \u201eofici\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c za\u010d\u00e1tek m\u00edrov\u00e9ho procesu je n\u011bkdy pova\u017eov\u00e1n rok 1988, kdy J\u00e1sir Arafat souhlasil s\u00a0americk\u00fdm n\u00e1vrhem, p\u0159ijal rezoluce RB OSN 242 a 338 a z\u0159ekl se terorismu. Ale skute\u010dn\u00fdm miln\u00edkem je podeps\u00e1n\u00ed dohod z\u00a0Osla v\u00a0roce 1993 \u2013 dohody, kter\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e1 budou v\u00a0budoucnu p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1ny jako jedno z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch selh\u00e1n\u00ed devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let a kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159esn\u00fdm opakem dohod z\u00a0Camp Davidu z\u00a0roku 1979.<\/p>\n

Dohody z\u00a0Osla nebyly \u201em\u00edrovou smlouvou\u201c, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e r\u00e1mcem nebo n\u00e1vodem, jak dos\u00e1hnout postupn\u011b, krok za krokem, m\u00edru. Podpis v\u00a0roce 1993 byl pouze za\u010d\u00e1tek \u2013 kone\u010dn\u00e9ho vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011blo b\u00fdt dosa\u017eeno b\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u011bti let.<\/p>\n

Od dohod z Osla tak Palestinsk\u00e1 samospr\u00e1va obdr\u017eela miliardy dolar\u016f jako \u010d\u00e1st zahrani\u010dn\u00ed pomoci EU,[9]<\/sup><\/a> ani\u017e by byla nucena zastavit n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u016f\u010di izraelsk\u00fdm civilist\u016fm a ozbrojen\u00fdm slo\u017ek\u00e1m (co\u017e byla hlavn\u00ed izraelsk\u00e1 starost a po\u017eadavek). Naopak \u2013 b\u011bhem p\u011bti let po podeps\u00e1n\u00ed oselsk\u00fdch dohod bylo p\u0159i teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatoc\u00edch zavra\u017ed\u011bno v\u00edc Izraelc\u016f, ne\u017e jich bylo zavra\u017ed\u011bno v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1979\u20131993 (tedy v\u010detn\u011b prvn\u00ed intif\u00e1dy). Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc je pochopiteln\u011b legitimn\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161inou efektivn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, av\u0161ak smysl by d\u00e1valo za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed a\u017e po kone\u010dn\u00e9m vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00a0mezidob\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslib pomoci vyu\u017e\u00edt k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho tlaku na Palestinskou samospr\u00e1vu, aby ta plnila sv\u011bdomit\u011b sv\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky \u2013 av\u0161ak Palestinsk\u00e1 samospr\u00e1va obdr\u017eela pomoc v\u00a0podstat\u011b zadarmo.<\/p>\n

Ztr\u00e1ty na \u017eivotech dramaticky narostly po roce 2000 b\u011bhem tzv. druh\u00e9 intif\u00e1dy, teroristick\u00e9 kampan\u011b, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e hlavn\u00ed \u00falohu vedle hnut\u00ed Ham\u00e1s a Isl\u00e1msk\u00fd d\u017eih\u00e1d hr\u00e1ly Brig\u00e1dy mu\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f od al-Aqs\u00e1, tedy organizace pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 Araf\u00e1tovu hnut\u00ed Fat\u00e1h \u2013 ale i p\u0159es svou p\u0159\u00edmou zodpov\u011bdnost za eskalaci byl J\u00e1sir Arafat st\u00e1le oslavov\u00e1n jako kaj\u00edc\u00ed se radik\u00e1l a st\u00e1tn\u00edk, kter\u00fd se kone\u010dn\u011b vydal na cestu m\u00edru. B\u011bhem druh\u00e9 intif\u00e1dy krajn\u011b levicov\u00e1 hnut\u00ed v Evrop\u011b o\u017eivila r\u00e9toriku neslavn\u00e9 rezoluce VS OSN 3379, kter\u00e1 sionismus odsuzovala jako formu rasismu (rezoluce byla odvol\u00e1na v\u00a0r. 1991) a protiizraelsk\u00fd (a n\u011bkdy skryt\u011b antisemitsk\u00fd) postoj se stal pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jej\u00ed agendy. Odpov\u011bdnost za eskalaci n\u00e1sil\u00ed b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 intif\u00e1dy d\u00e1le za\u010dala b\u00fdt op\u011bt p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Izraeli a sv\u011btov\u00fd newspeak byl obohacen term\u00edny jako \u201eneadekv\u00e1tn\u00ed reakce\u201c, \u201edispropor\u010dn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly\u201c apod. A navzdory korupci v\u00a0Palestinsk\u00e9 samospr\u00e1v\u011b, jej\u00ed neschopnosti nastolit na sv\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch vl\u00e1du z\u00e1kona, navzdory p\u0159evratu a \u010distce proveden\u00e9 hnut\u00edm Hamas v\u00a0p\u00e1smu Gazy v\u00a0r. 2007, navzdory pravideln\u00fdm eskalac\u00edm n\u00e1sil\u00ed b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch sedmn\u00e1cti let, navzdory \u00fatok\u016fm auty, bombami a no\u017ei Z\u00e1pad a EU obecn\u011b nad\u00e1le podporuj\u00ed palestinsk\u00e9 n\u00e1roky.[10]<\/sup><\/a> Palestinci nikdy nebyli nuceni p\u0159ijmout jak\u00e9koli \u00fastupky (vyjma Arafatova uzn\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va Izraele na existenci). Ve sv\u00fdch po\u017eadavc\u00edch byli v\u017edy maximalist\u00e9. A byla to EU a OSN, kdo je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil, \u017ee jejich strategie funguje. Po jeden\u00e1cti letech kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed byla Palestina dokonce p\u0159ijata do UNESCO jako plnopr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u010dlen. Naivitu a zaslepenost evropsk\u00e9 politiky tehdy nejl\u00e9pe projevil lucembursk\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed Asselborn, kdy\u017e prohl\u00e1sil: \u201eNem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ece Palestince nechat odej\u00edt z\u00a0New Yorku s\u00a0pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdma rukama!\u201c Bohu\u017eel tehdy Asselbornovi nikdo ne\u0159ekl obamovsk\u00e9: \u201eAle ano, m\u016f\u017eeme.\u201c<\/p>\n

Tato strategie funguje ov\u0161em maxim\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159i po\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed obrazu Izraele p\u0159ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed. Naprosto ale selh\u00e1v\u00e1 ve zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edch a ekonomick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek Palestinc\u016f \u2013 ty byly podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f dokonce lep\u0161\u00ed pod p\u0159\u00edmou izraelskou spr\u00e1vou p\u0159ed podpisem dohod z\u00a0Osla.<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna narativu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jeden z\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bji citovan\u00fdch dokument\u016f, kter\u00fd je pova\u017eov\u00e1n t\u00e9\u017e za z\u00e1klad pro m\u00edrov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, je rezoluce RB OSN 242 z\u00a0\u010dervna 1967. Rezoluce po\u017eaduje sta\u017een\u00ed se z\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed obsazen\u00fdch v\u00a0ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 (tj. \u0161estidenn\u00ed) v\u00e1lce, av\u0161ak nikoli ze v\u0161ech<\/em> \u00fazem\u00ed, tedy ne na zelenou linii z\u00a0r. 1949, ale do \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b uznan\u00fdch hranic.\u201c[11]<\/sup><\/a> Ani Jord\u00e1nsko, ani Izrael nikdy neuznaly zelenou linii jako hranici. Ihned po dobyt\u00ed Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu prohl\u00e1sila izraelsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, \u017ee se nec\u00edt\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00e1z\u00e1na dohodou o p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed s\u00a0Jord\u00e1nskem, mj. i vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed bylo Jord\u00e1nskem poru\u0161eno. Izrael rovn\u011b\u017e nikdy nepova\u017eoval obsazen\u00ed Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu za okupaci suver\u00e9nn\u00edho st\u00e1tu nebo jeho \u00fazem\u00ed.[12]<\/sup><\/a> Izraelsk\u00fd postoj byl zn\u00e1m od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku \u2013 pokud si Z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh jako \u010d\u00e1st n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edho britsk\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu mohlo n\u00e1rokovat Jord\u00e1nsko a Gazu Egypt, m\u00e1 Izrael stejn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo tak u\u010dinit.<\/p>\n

Izraelsk\u00e9 osady jsou obecn\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako poru\u0161en\u00ed 4. \u017eenevsk\u00e9 konvence. Probl\u00e9m je ale v\u00a0tom, \u017ee konvence hovo\u0159\u00ed pouze o \u201eindividu\u00e1ln\u00edm nebo masov\u00e9m n\u00e1siln\u00e9m transferu obyvatelstva, jako\u017e i deportac\u00edch,\u201c nikoli o lidech, kte\u0159\u00ed se na obsazen\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed st\u011bhuj\u00ed dobrovoln\u011b. Izraelsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da nikdy nenutila osadn\u00edky os\u00eddlit Z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh, naopak, v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech osadn\u00edky z\u00a0osad n\u00e1siln\u011b evakuovala.[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka osad, Jeruzal\u00e9ma, uprchl\u00edk\u016f a hranic je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed mezi Izraelem a Palestinou. Tyto ot\u00e1zky byly v \u010dl\u00e1nku XVII.1 dohod zm\u00edn\u011bny jako \u201ek dal\u0161\u00edmu projedn\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c b\u011bhem kone\u010dn\u00e9 dohody. Pro Palestince byly dohody z\u00a0Osla pl\u00e1nem na postupn\u00e9 (a \u00fapln\u00e9) izraelsk\u00e9 sta\u017een\u00ed zp\u011bt do hranic z\u00a0r. 1967 v\u010detn\u011b vyklizen\u00ed osad. Izrael oselsk\u00e9 dohody ch\u00e1pal zcela odli\u0161n\u011b. Ihned pot\u00e9, co Kneset schv\u00e1lil Oslo II, prohl\u00e1sil tehdej\u0161\u00ed premi\u00e9r Rabin, \u017ee \u201ehranice Izraele povede \u00fadol\u00edm Jord\u00e1nu, a to v\u00a0tom nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu.\u201c[14]<\/sup><\/a> Izrael tedy neuva\u017eoval o kompletn\u00edm sta\u017een\u00ed ze Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu (s v\u00fdjimkou Olmertova n\u00e1vrhu z roku 2007 a Barakem p\u0159ijat\u00e9 Clintonovy iniciativy z\u00a0r. 2000, kde se jednalo o p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed cca 96\u201397 % \u00fazem\u00ed Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu). Izraelsk\u00e9 a palestinsk\u00e9 n\u00e1roky a p\u0159edstavy byly tud\u00ed\u017e v\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00edm rozporu a m\u00edrov\u00fd proces zapo\u010dat\u00fd v\u00a0Oslu byl odsouzen k\u00a0nezdaru od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee ani EU, ani OSN nemaj\u00ed co nab\u00eddnout Izraeli a Palestinc\u016fm, aby je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dily k\u00a0p\u0159ijet\u00ed dvoust\u00e1tn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, nemluv\u011b o n\u00e1lad\u00e1ch mezi Palestinci a Izraelci, z\u00a0nich\u017e nikoli nepodstatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pova\u017euje dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed za mrtv\u00e9.[15]<\/sup><\/a> Mezi Palestinci podpora dvoust\u00e1tn\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kol\u00eds\u00e1 podstatn\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e mezi Izraelci. V\u011bt\u0161ina Palestinc\u016f by sice byla v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b krachu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pro nen\u00e1siln\u00fd odpor, ale m\u00edrn\u011b nadpolovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina by tak\u00e9 preferovala n\u00e1vrat k\u00a0ozbrojen\u00e9mu povst\u00e1n\u00ed.[16]<\/sup><\/a> Tento zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nelogick\u00fd a protich\u016fdn\u00fd postoj je pochopiteln\u00fd, p\u0159ihl\u00e9dneme-li k\u00a0v\u00fdvoji b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dek\u00e1d \u2013 palestinsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost je z\u00a0uplynul\u00fdch let frustrovan\u00e1 a v\u00a0minulosti tato taktika kombinace diplomatick\u00e9ho a ozbrojen\u00e9ho odporu z\u00edsk\u00e1vala Palestinc\u016fm pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 sympatie.<\/p>\n

Post-oselsk\u00e1 realita<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Mahm\u00fad Abbas ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 2015 prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee \u201enem\u016f\u017eeme b\u00fdt nad\u00e1le v\u00e1z\u00e1ni dohodami (z Osla).\u201c Pr\u016fzkum mezi Palestinci z\u00a0prosince 2016 uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Abbase v\u00a0tomto v\u00fdroku 62 % Palestinc\u016f podporuje, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 64 % Palestinc\u016f nev\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee jej Abbas myslel v\u00e1\u017en\u011b.[17]<\/sup><\/a> Zat\u00edmco 46 % Palestinc\u016f st\u00e1le v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem by m\u011blo b\u00fdt ukon\u010den\u00ed izraelsk\u00e9 okupace oblast\u00ed obsazen\u00fdch v\u00a0r. 1967 a ustanoven\u00ed palestinsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu na Z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu a v\u00a0p\u00e1smu Gazy s\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Jeruzal\u00e9mem jako hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pouze 11 % Palestinc\u016f se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee prvotn\u00edm c\u00edlem by m\u011blo b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en\u00ed demokratick\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu), deziluze z\u00a0kolapsu dvoust\u00e1tn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je mezi Palestinci i mezi Izraelci st\u00e1le z\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Existuje i jin\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 t\u0159eba\u017ee zna\u010dn\u011b nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 b\u011bhem sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho Netanjahuova mand\u00e1tu \u2013 anexe Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu Izraelem, tedy jednost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Tento krok by znamenal tak\u00e9 pln\u00e9 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed Palestinc\u016f jako izraelsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f. Pokud by Izrael \u00fazem\u00ed anektoval a neud\u011blil jeho obyvatel\u016fm ob\u010danstv\u00ed, stal by se apartheidn\u00edm re\u017eimem. Podle Johna Kerryho by si Izrael v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jednost\u00e1tn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed musel zvolit, jestli chce b\u00fdt st\u00e1tem \u017eidovsk\u00fdm, nebo demokratick\u00fdm.[18]<\/sup><\/a> Podle Palestinc\u016f by ale jednost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e znamenalo dvoun\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed, sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed st\u00e1t, mo\u017en\u00e1 i s\u00a0nov\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, garantuj\u00edc\u00ed op\u011bt pr\u00e1vo na n\u00e1vrat palestinsk\u00fdm uprchl\u00edk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edmi variantami jsou anexe oblasti C, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b forma kanton\u00e1ln\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nebo konfederace, zcela mimo nen\u00ed ani varianta federace \u010di konfederace palestinsk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed s Jord\u00e1nskem. Ale bez zm\u011bny palestinsk\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak po\u017eadavku na n\u00e1vrat palestinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f, nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed uskute\u010dniteln\u00e9.[19]<\/sup><\/a> Nyn\u00ed je na EU, zda bude v\u016f\u010di m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edmu se politick\u00e9mu klimatu na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, nebo z\u016fstane zako\u0159en\u011bna ve sv\u00e9 dosavadn\u00ed, evidentn\u011b selhav\u0161\u00ed politice. Bez ohledu na dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj \u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e se bude jednat o jednost\u00e1tn\u00ed, dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed nebo trojst\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 pokud chce EU z\u016fstat ve sv\u00e9 pozici d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010de na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b, m\u011bla by svou politiku p\u0159ehodnotit a p\u0159ipravit se na v\u0161echny zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b po p\u0159ijet\u00ed rezoluce se izraelsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da nechala sly\u0161et, \u017ee se nec\u00edt\u00ed b\u00fdt rezoluc\u00ed nijak v\u00e1z\u00e1na a zapo\u010dala s\u00a0\u0159adou diplomatick\u00fdch protiopat\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 pro rezoluci hlasovaly.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Sov\u011btsko-egyptsk\u00e9 diplomatick\u00e9 vztahy byly kv\u016fli sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu odporu v\u016f\u010di m\u00edrov\u00e9 dohod\u011b dokonce v letech 1981\u20131984 dokonce zcela p\u0159eru\u0161eny.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> Tyto osady byly zalo\u017eeny ve snaze udr\u017eet oblast pod izraelskou i v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sta\u017een\u00ed ze Sinaje. Za podobn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem byly zalo\u017eeny osady i v\u00a0samotn\u00e9m p\u00e1smu Gazy pobl\u00ed\u017e egyptsk\u00e9 hranice jako \u010d\u00e1st zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9ho koridoru, tak\u017ee p\u00e1smo Gazy by z\u016fstalo odd\u011bleno od Egypta. Osady v\u00a0Gaze byly nakonec opu\u0161t\u011bny b\u011bhem izraelsk\u00e9ho sta\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2005.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> Ve snaze obej\u00edt mo\u017en\u00e9 sov\u011btsk\u00e9 veto v\u00a0RB, ustanovily USA, Izrael a Egypt na Sinaji mnohon\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed jednotky (MFO).<\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 deklarace, \u010dl\u00e1nek 2.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> Kdy\u017e \u010ceskoslovensko \u010delilo tlaku n\u011bmeck\u00e9 SdP (podporovan\u00e9 a de facto \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 z nacistick\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka), Foreign Office vyhodnotilo situaci tak, \u017ee v z\u00e1jmu zachov\u00e1n\u00ed klidu je t\u0159eba prim\u00e1rn\u011b tla\u010dit na \u010deskoslovenskou vl\u00e1du, aby ustoupila sudetsk\u00fdm N\u011bmc\u016fm, co\u017e vedlo k neblaze proslul\u00e9 politice appeasementu a zni\u010den\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 deklarace, \u010dl\u00e1nek 2.: \u201eDev\u011bt [\u010dlen\u016f EHS] pova\u017euje za nezbytn\u00e9, aby Izrael ukon\u010dil okupaci \u00fazem\u00ed,\u00a0 kter\u00e9 nabyl v roce 1967, jak ostatn\u011b ji\u017e u\u010dinil v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Sinaje.\u201c<\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b tato \u010d\u00e1st Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e9 deklarace ukazuje hlubok\u00e9 nepochopen\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pozad\u00ed izraelsko-egyptsk\u00e9 smlouvy ze strany EHS.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Jedin\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u00e1sil\u00ed je \u010dl\u00e1nek 10:<\/p>\n

\u201eOhledn\u011b z\u00e1vazku ukon\u010dit n\u00e1sil\u00ed se dev\u011bt [\u010dlen\u016f EHS] domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee pouze z\u0159eknut\u00ed se pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly nebo hrozby pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly v\u0161emi stranami m\u016f\u017ee v\u00a0oblasti vytvo\u0159it klima vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bry a ustanovit z\u00e1klady pro celkov\u00e9 urovn\u00e1n\u00ed konfliktu na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b.\u201c<\/p>\n

Nevol\u00e1 po zastaven\u00ed teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f nebo podpo\u0159e terorismu ze strany OOP, ani po uzn\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va Izraele na existenci. A to p\u0159esto, \u017ee deklarace byla naps\u00e1na pouh\u00fdch osm let po masakru na OH v\u00a0Mnichov\u011b a 4 roky po \u00fanosu letu Air France 139 do Entebbe.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed pomoc EU Palestin\u011b p\u0159edstavuje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00ed pomoc per capita<\/em> ze v\u0161ech podobn\u00fdch program\u016f EU.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> Nemluv\u011b o otev\u0159en\u011b propalestinsk\u00e9m (nikoli neutr\u00e1ln\u00edm) postoji Catherine Ashtonov\u00e9 nebo Jeana Asselborna. https:\/\/euobserver.com\/foreign\/32535<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Jak tak\u00e9 potvrdil jeden z\u00a0autor\u016f rezoluce Lord Caradon:<\/p>\n

Nikdy jsme ne\u0159ekli, \u017ee by m\u011blo doj\u00edt ke sta\u017een\u00ed na linii z\u00a0roku 1967, zcela z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b jsme v\u00a0rezoluci nepou\u017eili ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dlen, ne\u0159ekli jsme \u201ev\u0161echna \u00fazem\u00ed\u201c. V\u0161ichni jsme v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee linie z\u00a0r. 1967 nebyly nar\u00fdsov\u00e1ny jako trval\u00e9 hranice \u2013 byla to linie p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed, vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 p\u0159ed p\u00e1r desetilet\u00edmi… Ne\u0159ekli jsme, \u017ee hranice z\u00a0r. 1967 mus\u00ed trvat nav\u011bky, to by bylo \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed. <\/em>MacNeil\/Lehrer Report, March 30, 1978.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> Tento p\u0159edpoklad byl zalo\u017een na skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd st\u00e1t (vyjma Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie) nikdy neuznal de iure<\/em> jord\u00e1nskou anexi z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu. Kdy\u017e Izrael za\u00fato\u010dil na Z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh 6. \u010dervna 1967 po p\u0159edchoz\u00edm jord\u00e1nsk\u00e9m ost\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma, vstoupil tak na \u00fazem\u00ed nikoho, kter\u00e9 dr\u017eely jord\u00e1nsk\u00e9 s\u00edly.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> Jin\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem osad na okupovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed je Severn\u00ed Kypr. Zhruba polovina ze severokypersk\u00e9 tureck\u00e9 populace jsou pevnin\u0161t\u00ed Turci nebo jejich potomci, kte\u0159\u00ed na ostrov p\u0159ibyli v\u00a0r\u00e1mci programu kolonizace po tureck\u00e9 okupaci severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ostrova. Turecko na ostrov\u011b rovn\u011b\u017e st\u00e1le udr\u017euje sv\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 jednotky. Kypersk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka nikdy nebyla na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky EU, t\u0159eba\u017ee se p\u0159\u00edmo dot\u00fdk\u00e1 kandid\u00e1tsk\u00e9 i \u010dlensk\u00e9 zem\u011b EU. Existuj\u00ed dokonce n\u00e1zory, podle kter\u00fdch by ture\u010dt\u00ed osadn\u00edci nem\u011bli b\u00fdt n\u00e1siln\u011b vyho\u0161t\u011bni z\u00a0ostrova a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kypersk\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu mus\u00ed \u201evyv\u00e1\u017eit celkovou leg\u00e1lnost osidlovac\u00edho programu a lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va osadn\u00edk\u016f<\/em>.\u201c Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 5. Oxford University Press. 2009. s. 460.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> Podobn\u00e9 \u00fazemn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed navrhoval i Allon\u016fv pl\u00e1n z\u00a0let 1967\u20131968. Allon\u016fv pl\u00e1n prob\u00edhal ve dvou f\u00e1z\u00edch. V\u00a0prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi po\u010d\u00edtal s\u00a0anex\u00ed Gazy a \u00fazem\u00ed okolo Jeruzal\u00e9ma (v\u010detn\u011b ud\u011blen\u00ed izraelsk\u00e9ho ob\u010danstv\u00ed tamn\u00edm Arab\u016fm). Z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh m\u011bl b\u00fdt rozd\u011blen na dv\u011b z\u00f3ny, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovaly Palestinskou autonomn\u00ed oblast. Druh\u00e1, definitivn\u00ed varianta, po\u010d\u00edtala s\u00a0Gazou jako sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jord\u00e1nsko-palestinsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, koridorem mezi z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehem a Jord\u00e1nskem a izraelskou anex\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edho Jeruzal\u00e9ma, bloku Ecijon, \u00fadol\u00ed Jord\u00e1nu a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed judsk\u00e9 pou\u0161t\u011b. Principem, kter\u00fdm se Allon\u016fv pl\u00e1n \u0159\u00eddil, bylo anektovat \u00fazem\u00ed, kde byla nejmen\u0161\u00ed arabsk\u00e1 populace, zat\u00edmco oblasti s\u00a0hust\u00fdm arabsk\u00fdm os\u00eddlen\u00edm m\u011bly b\u00fdt p\u0159ed\u00e1ny Jord\u00e1nsku. Na golansk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161in\u00e1ch m\u011bl v\u00a0oblasti Kunejtry vzniknout dr\u00fazsk\u00fd st\u00e1t. Pl\u00e1n se stal z\u00e1kladem m\u00edrov\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu kr\u00e1li Husajnovi v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1968, Husajn ale trval na rezoluci 242 a pl\u00e1n odm\u00edtl.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> Podle pr\u016fzkumu PCPSR (Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research) a IDI (Israel Democracy Institute) z\u00a022. srpna 2016 \u201et\u011bsn\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina Izraelc\u016f a Palestinc\u016f podporuje dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, av\u0161ak navz\u00e1jem si ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed, maj\u00ed neslu\u010diteln\u00e9 pohledy na podobu fin\u00e1ln\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, podce\u0148uj\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 kompromisu na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b a \u00famysly druh\u00e9 strany vn\u00edmaj\u00ed jako ohro\u017een\u00ed.\u201c https:\/\/www.pcpsr.org\/en\/node\/660<\/a><\/p>\n

O \u010dty\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce pozd\u011bji v\u00a0prosinci 2016 u\u017e \u201edv\u011b t\u0159etiny Palestinsk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nen\u00ed \u017eivotaschopn\u00e9.\u201c https:\/\/www.pcpsr.org\/en\/node\/676<\/a><\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Izraelc\u016f je situace komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 jejich n\u00e1zory se zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed dle politick\u00e9 orientace a r\u016fzn\u00e9 pr\u016fzkumy p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed \u010dasto navz\u00e1jem si odporuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdsledky \u2013 b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 intif\u00e1dy podpora pro dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e klesala, a\u010dkoli se st\u00e1le pohybuje nad 50 %. Dle posledn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu z\u00a0ledna 2017 dokonce dv\u011b t\u0159etiny Izraelc\u016f st\u00e1le preferuj\u00ed dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ed jednost\u00e1tn\u00edm https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/1.765146<\/a><\/p>\n

Pr\u016fzkum prov\u00e1d\u011blo hnut\u00ed J Street, kter\u00e9 se v\u00fdrazn\u011b profiluje jako hnut\u00ed usiluj\u00edc\u00ed o ukon\u010den\u00ed okupace Z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee jeho v\u00fdsledky znev\u011brohodnit, av\u0161ak dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky pr\u016fzkumu, podle kter\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy izraelsk\u00e9ho pohledu na dvoust\u00e1tn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (v\u00fdm\u011bna \u00fazem\u00ed, sd\u00edlen\u00e1 kontrola nad Jeruzal\u00e9mem a kompenzace m\u00edsto n\u00e1vratu uprchl\u00edk\u016f) podporuje 55\u201358% Izraelc\u016f, odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b podobn\u00fdch pr\u016fzkum\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sympatie Izraelc\u016f k\u00a0dvoust\u00e1tn\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jsou motivov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm demografickou hrozbou.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b krachu m\u00edrov\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed 74 % podporuje vstup do dal\u0161\u00edch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00ed, 62 % preferuje nen\u00e1siln\u00fd odpor a 53 % by bylo pro n\u00e1vrat k\u00a0ozbrojen\u00e9 intif\u00e1d\u011b, 48 % pak pro rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Palestinsk\u00e9 samospr\u00e1vy<\/p>\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.pcpsr.org\/en\/node\/676<\/a><\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> Podle pr\u016fzkumu J Street ale 68 % Izraelc\u016f s\u00a0Kerryho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm nesouhlas\u00ed a je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deno, \u017ee i v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee Izrael existovat jako \u017eidovsk\u00fd a demokratick\u00fd st\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> Podobn\u00fd probl\u00e9m byl ji\u017e vy\u0159e\u0161en v roce 1997 v \u010cesko-n\u011bmeck\u00e9 deklaraci o vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch a jejich budouc\u00edmu rozvoji<\/em>. V\u011bta \u201esp\u00e1chan\u00e9 k\u0159ivdy n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00ed minulosti\u201c byla m\u00ed\u0159ena prim\u00e1rn\u011b na Mnichovskou dohodu z\u00a0r. 1938 a vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed N\u011bmc\u016f v\u00a0letech 1945\u201347. N\u011bmecko tak v\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b opustilo po\u017eadavky sudeton\u011bmeck\u00fdch organizac\u00ed na jak\u00e9koli reparace, restituce a repatriace.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ji\u0159\u00ed Bla\u017eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Analytik think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty<\/em><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Byla to politika EHS a EU b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159 dek\u00e1d, kter\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila Palestince, \u017ee navzdory tomu, \u017ee v konfliktech v letech 1948 a 1967 st\u00e1li na stran\u011b pora\u017een\u00fdch, maj\u00ed st\u00e1le n\u00e1rok na sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fd st\u00e1t, a\u010dkoli nikdy takov\u00fd st\u00e1t nem\u011bli, jeliko\u017e ji\u017e v letech 1937, 1948 a 1949 prop\u00e1sli mo\u017enost jej zalo\u017eit.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4918,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\n50 let od \u0161estidenn\u00ed v\u00e1lky a t\u0159et\u00ed dek\u00e1da dohod z Osla. 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