{"id":3383,"date":"2016-04-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/proc-jsme-v-cesku-nachylni-k-propagande\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:26:26","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:26:26","slug":"proc-jsme-v-cesku-nachylni-k-propagande","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/proc-jsme-v-cesku-nachylni-k-propagande\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d jsme v \u010cesku n\u00e1chyln\u00ed k propagand\u011b?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na debat\u011b o rusk\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampani v \u010cesku se odborn\u00edci shodli, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu tkv\u00ed v \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchovy a podpo\u0159e kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201ePropaganda si ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f hraje s\u00a0emocemi<\/strong>. Slu\u017eby, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed vyvr\u00e1tit prokremelsk\u00e9 dezinformace, se sna\u017e\u00ed tyto emoce vyvr\u00e1tit racionalitou. Emoce jsou v\u0161ak siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e racionalita<\/strong>, proto jsme n\u00e1chyln\u00ed na propagandu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 politolog Milo\u0161 Gregor<\/strong>. Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvod je podle n\u011bj spojen s\u00a0\u010deskou histori\u00ed a n\u00e1turou. \u201eV\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku jsme nem\u011bli ideologicky takov\u00fd probl\u00e9m s\u00a0komunismem jako jin\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, za\u010dali jsme s\u00a0n\u00edm m\u00edt probl\u00e9m, a\u017e kdy\u017e za\u010dal ekonomicky stagnovat, byl to rozchod z\u00a0rozumu<\/strong>. Byli jsme z\u00a0komunismu zvykl\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161ichni maj\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, ti, co v\u00a0demokracii p\u0159i\u0161li o pr\u00e1ci nebo museli za\u010d\u00edt pracovat. Gregor dopl\u0148uje, \u017ee \u201em\u00e1me na ramenou mal\u00e9ho \u010f\u00e1bla<\/strong>, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1m EU ani NATO nepom\u016f\u017ee, \u017ee je to \u0161patn\u00fd sm\u011br.\u201c<\/p>\n

\n

Podle Josefa \u0160lerky, vedouc\u00edho studia nov\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed <\/strong>filozofick\u00e9 fakulty Karlovy univerzity, \u201ese v\u00a0diskurzu v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148uje propaganda se zkreslenou novina\u0159inou. Novin\u00e1\u0159i maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 p\u0159edsudky, ideologick\u00e9, apod. Proto se m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t, \u017ee maj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd c\u00edl, jak zmanipulovat \u010dlov\u011bka. Propaganda byla v\u017edy n\u00e1strojem k\u00a0masov\u00e9 mobilizaci, my jsme za\u017eili dlouh\u00fd m\u00edr, kdy propaganda jako standardn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj masov\u00e9 komunikace nebyl pot\u0159ebn\u00fd.\u201c<\/p>\n

Co je to hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lka?<\/h3>\n

Plukovn\u00edk<\/strong> Karel \u0158ehka<\/strong>, \u0159editel speci\u00e1ln\u00edch sil Arm\u00e1dy \u010cR, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee \u201ev\u00e1lky nejsou minulost\u00ed, forma v\u00e1lky se m\u011bn\u00ed. Je naivn\u00ed si myslet, \u017ee st\u00e1ty a nest\u00e1tn\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i nebudou bojovat. Informa\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje<\/strong> jako propaganda jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky.<\/strong>\u201c<\/p>\n

Podle plukovn\u00edka \u0158ehky<\/strong> se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 konven\u010dn\u00ed i nekonven\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zp\u016fsob a kombinace jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje novou hrozbu. Dnes si hybridn\u00ed\u00a0 v\u00e1lku spojujeme s\u00a0\u201erusk\u00fdmi zelen\u00fdmi mu\u017e\u00edky\u201c, ale nen\u00ed to nic, s\u00a0\u010d\u00edm by poprv\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161lo Rusko. Rusov\u00e9 tomu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed \u201eneline\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00e1lka \u010di v\u00e1lka nov\u00e9 generace\u201c.<\/p>\n

\n

Kdo jsou v\u00a0\u010cesku hlavn\u00ed nositel\u00e9 kremelsk\u00e9 propagandy?<\/h3>\n

Podle Jakuba Jandy, <\/strong>z\u00e1stupce \u0159editele think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty<\/strong>, je zde vedle p\u0159iznan\u00fdch kremelsk\u00fdch server\u016f<\/strong> jako Sputnik mnoho jin\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed a produkuj\u00ed prokremelsk\u00e9 dezinformace. V\u00a0\u010cR je na 50 a\u017e 100 nosi\u010d\u016f, tzv. alternativn\u00edch web\u016f<\/strong>, od t\u011bch, co produkuj\u00ed obsah a\u017e po ty, co jej tvo\u0159\u00ed. D\u00e1le zde m\u00e1me politick\u00e9 subjekty,<\/strong> jako je KS\u010cM a n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dleny \u010cSSD, jako jsou poslanci Huml, Jand\u00e1k \u010di Foldyna. Ti pravideln\u011b, a\u0165 u\u017e v\u011bdom\u011b \u010di nev\u011bdom\u011b, h\u00e1j\u00ed pozice bl\u00edzk\u00e9 Kremlu. Rovn\u011b\u017e \u010desk\u00fd prezident<\/strong> sv\u00fdmi \u010diny a slovy h\u00e1j\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b pozice Moskvy. V\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b jde nap\u0159\u00edklad o takzvan\u00fd Institut slovansk\u00fdch strategick\u00fdch studi\u00ed<\/strong>, kter\u00fd p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 pozice Kremlu do \u010de\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n

\n

Jak \u010delit propagand\u011b a dezinformac\u00edm?<\/h3>\n

Podle \u0158ehky<\/strong> pot\u0159ebujeme uv\u011bdom\u011blou anga\u017eovanou spole\u010dnost, soudr\u017enou a vlasteneckou. Mus\u00edme budovat kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed<\/strong> a b\u00fdt otev\u0159en\u00ed, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed zrovna p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9. B\u00fdt rychlej\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0objektivit\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u201eKdy\u017e budeme slab\u00ed v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed identit\u011b, ke kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e1 m\u00edra vlastenectv\u00ed a n\u011bjak\u00e1 m\u00edra kolektivn\u00ed identity, nedok\u00e1\u017eeme se ubr\u00e1nit. Mus\u00edme kriticky zpracov\u00e1vat informace, tlumit v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b,<\/strong>\u201c odpov\u00edd\u00e1 Josef \u0160lerka<\/strong>. Podle n\u011bj je na\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem rovn\u011b\u017e to, \u017ee chceme informace hned, nechceme na n\u011b \u010dekat. \u201eJestli chcete n\u011bco d\u011blat s\u00a0propagandou, d\u011blejte drobn\u00e9 v\u011bci. Jestli vid\u00edme n\u011bjakou informaci, kterou si nejsme jist\u00ed, zjist\u011bme pravdu a napi\u0161me pod p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o le\u017e. Kdy\u017e sly\u0161\u00edme n\u011bkoho lh\u00e1t, ptejme se, pro\u010d to d\u011bl\u00e1. Kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd den v\u0161ichni ud\u011bl\u00e1me takovou drobnou v\u011bc, tak se to zm\u011bn\u00ed,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u0160lerka.<\/p>\n

Podle Jakuba Jandy<\/strong> bychom m\u011bli u\u010dit zejm\u00e9na na st\u0159edn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch,<\/strong> jak pracovat s\u00a0informacemi. D\u00e1le bychom m\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt, jak jsou prokremelsk\u00e9 weby financov\u00e1ny, a pot\u0159ebujeme m\u00edt ve\u0159ejn\u011b viditelnou mapu dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch server\u016f. Rovn\u011b\u017e by m\u011blo b\u00fdt ve\u0159ejnou informac\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 a finance maj\u00ed vliv na prezidenta a jeho kancel\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\n

Gregor<\/strong>: \u201eLid\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed m\u00edt od politiky sp\u00ed\u0161e pokoj a hledaj\u00ed rychl\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, radik\u00e1ln\u00ed a razantn\u00ed. Ob\u00e1v\u00e1m se, \u017ee n\u00e1s prudk\u00fd zvrat ne\u010dek\u00e1. Jak \u010delit propagand\u011b? Asi propagandou<\/strong>. Nejsem si jist, jestli m\u016f\u017eeme n\u011bkoho, kdo je ovlivn\u011bn emocemi, p\u0159emluvit racion\u00e1ln\u00edmi argumenty. Ten, kdo hraje na emoce, to m\u00e1 snaz\u0161\u00ed. Cestou je medi\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchova, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad i o tom, jak funguje politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, a co m\u016f\u017ee a nem\u016f\u017ee prezident. Jde o politickou kulturu.\u201c<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0PUBLIKA:<\/h3>\n

Jsou v\u00a0tomto kontextu d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 i jin\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b ne\u017e ty nej\u010dast\u011bji sklo\u0148ovan\u00e9 (tj. FB a Twitter). Dalo by se n\u011bco \u0159\u00edci k\u00a0automatizovan\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm na Twitteru?<\/p>\n

\u201eVolba s\u00edt\u011b z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed od \u00fazem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m jde. V\u00a0\u010cR je pro n\u00e1s z\u00e1sadn\u00ed Facebook. V\u00a0celosv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku Facebook a Twitter. Vkontakte m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 n\u011bjak\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 u\u017eivatele, ale ty nesleduju j\u00e1, ale BIS,<\/strong>\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Josef \u0160lerka.<\/strong> Pro v\u011bkovou skupinu 40+ je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd e-mail. Aeronet nab\u00edz\u00ed p\u0159evod \u010dl\u00e1nku do pdf., aby je bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pos\u00edlat. Podle n\u011bj algoritmy nepadaj\u00ed z\u00a0nebe, n\u00e1stroje d\u011blaj\u00ed to, co je \u010dlov\u011bk nau\u010dil. M\u00e1me tendenci p\u0159ece\u0148ovat po\u010dty placen\u00fdch troll\u016f, na \u010desk\u00e9m Twitteru. \u201eDaleko hor\u0161\u00ed je infekce, kterou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u2013 zde jsme v\u00a0kontaktu s\u00a0\u017eiv\u00fdmi lidmi, nikoliv se stroji,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u0160lerka.<\/p>\n

\n

Objevuj\u00ed se n\u00e1zory, \u017ee je z\u00e1kaz Sputniku v\u00a0Loty\u0161sku st\u0159elbou do vlastn\u00edch \u0159ad. Nepop\u00edr\u00e1me t\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00e9 hodnoty?<\/p>\n

Podle \u0160lerky<\/strong> se Loty\u0161sko sna\u017e\u00ed jako bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed soused Ruska bojovat ze v\u0161ech sil. \u201eAnexe Krymu byla ur\u010ditou zpr\u00e1vou do sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho prostoru. Je pot\u0159eba posuzovat jeden konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad.\u201c<\/p>\n

Think-tank Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty Brno, Europe Direct a Eurocentrum Brno uspo\u0159\u00e1dali 26. 4. \u00a0ve\u0159ejnou debatu o Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed rusk\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b v Knihovn\u011b Ji\u0159\u00edho Mahena. Sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory a zku\u0161enosti na n\u00ed p\u0159edstavili odborn\u00edci Milo\u0161 Gregor, odborn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk na Kated\u0159e politologie FSS MU, Jakub Janda, z\u00e1stupce \u0159editele think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty, Josef \u0160lerka, odborn\u00edk na anal\u00fdzu dat ze soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed a vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdvoje a v\u00fdzkumu v Socialbakers a plukovn\u00edk Karel \u0158ehka, \u0159editel speci\u00e1ln\u00edch sil Arm\u00e1dy \u010cR. Debatu moderovala Petra Vejvodov\u00e1, odborn\u00e1 asistentka Katedry politologie Masarykovy univerzity. Pro dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00e9 akce v Brn\u011b sledujte Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty Brno<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Krejci_foto\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Mark\u00e9ta Krej\u010d\u00ed<\/a> p\u016fsob\u00ed jako extern\u00ed spolupracovnice think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na debat\u011b o rusk\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampani v \u010cesku se odborn\u00edci shodli, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu tkv\u00ed v \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchovy a podpo\u0159e kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed.\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nPro\u010d jsme v \u010cesku n\u00e1chyln\u00ed k propagand\u011b? - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/proc-jsme-v-cesku-nachylni-k-propagande\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pro\u010d jsme v \u010cesku n\u00e1chyln\u00ed k propagand\u011b? 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