{"id":3223,"date":"2016-01-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-01-18T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/evropske-instituce-v-roce-2016-brexit-pohranicni-straz-a-reformy-politickeho-systemu-eu\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:11:44","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:11:44","slug":"evropske-instituce-v-roce-2016-brexit-pohranicni-straz-a-reformy-politickeho-systemu-eu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/evropske-instituce-v-roce-2016-brexit-pohranicni-straz-a-reformy-politickeho-systemu-eu\/","title":{"rendered":"Evropsk\u00e9 instituce v roce 2016: Brexit, pohrani\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e a reformy politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu EU"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u010cek\u00e1 n\u00e1s pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 zatraktivn\u011bn\u00ed a \u201epoevrop\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u201c voleb do Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Co p\u0159inesou radik\u00e1ln\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed k efektivn\u00ed ostraze hranic?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Brexit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0t\u00e9mat, kter\u00e1 budou v\u00a0roce 2016 bezpochyby dominovat evropsk\u00e9 politice, je tzv. Brexit, tedy britsk\u00e9 referendum o setrv\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii. Jeho vyps\u00e1n\u00ed britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r p\u0159isl\u00edbil nejpozd\u011bji do konce roku 2017, ale jak nazna\u010duj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 spekulace<\/a>, preferuje sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdrazn\u011b d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed term\u00edn, a to ji\u017e okolo poloviny roku 2016. Premi\u00e9r by tak p\u0159ipravil kritiky \u010dlenstv\u00ed o cenn\u00fd \u010das na kampa\u0148 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 by se vyhnul mo\u017en\u00fdm komplikac\u00edm v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi a francouzsk\u00fdmi volbami v\u00a0roce 2017.<\/p>\n

Premi\u00e9ra Camerona \u010dek\u00e1 p\u0159i prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho n\u00e1vrh\u016f na reformy z\u00e1kladn\u00edch smluv, kter\u00e9 evropsk\u00fdm l\u00eddr\u016fm p\u0159edlo\u017eil na konci listopadu, velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd boj. Jak nasv\u011bd\u010duje nap\u0159\u00edklad infografika<\/a> britsk\u00e9ho think-tanku Centre for European Reform, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00a0jeho n\u00e1vrh\u016f nem\u00e1 jednozna\u010dnou podporu v\u0161ech \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1vrh na omezen\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edch benefit\u016f jasn\u011b odm\u00edtaj\u00ed v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty krom\u011b Irska a Finska. \u010casu na dojedn\u00e1n\u00ed dohody v\u0161ak mnoho nezb\u00fdv\u00e1. V\u0161e toti\u017e nasv\u011bd\u010duje<\/a> tomu, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm se stane ji\u017e \u00fanorov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 rady, kde by dle jej\u00edho p\u0159edsedy Donalda Tuska m\u011blo b\u00fdt dosa\u017eeno dohody. Stejn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159il i s\u00e1m David Cameron.<\/p>\n

Britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r i ostatn\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f tak nyn\u00ed stoj\u00ed p\u0159ed velmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fakolem:dojednat b\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f takovou podobu reforem, kter\u00e1 by na\u0161la podporu nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u0161emi st\u00e1ty EU, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 by p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila britsk\u00e9 voli\u010de k podpo\u0159e setrv\u00e1n\u00ed jejich zem\u011b v\u00a0Unii. V\u00fdvoj n\u00e1lad jde zat\u00edm dle pr\u016fzkum\u016f ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed<\/a> jednozna\u010dn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n

Reformy volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu EU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed volby do Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu (EP), kter\u00e9 se uskute\u010dnily v\u00a0roce 2014, m\u011bly v\u016fbec nejhor\u0161\u00ed volebn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dast v\u00a0cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 historii<\/a>. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto v\u00a0Parlamentu vznikla iniciativa s jedin\u00edm jasn\u00fdm \u00fakolem: zatraktivnit volby do EP a ud\u011blat je v\u00edce \u201eevropsk\u00e9\u201c. Tato navrhovan\u00e1 reforma m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed vysoko a zahrnuje mnoh\u00e9 zm\u011bny.<\/p>\n

Parlament tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee zna\u010dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly<\/a> mezi n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi pravidly evropsk\u00fdch voleb v\u00a0lidech oslabuj\u00ed pocit evropsk\u00e9ho ob\u010danstv\u00ed, a proto navrhuje tato pravidla sjednotit<\/a>. M\u011bl by b\u00fdt zaveden p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd celounijn\u00ed volebn\u00ed obvod, v\u00a0jeho\u017e r\u00e1mci by byly zavedeny kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listiny jednotliv\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch politick\u00fdch stran. V\u00a0jejich \u010dele by pak st\u00e1li kandid\u00e1ti na post p\u0159edsedy Evropsk\u00e9 komise (EK). Toto je ov\u0161em kritick\u00fd bod, na kter\u00e9m se mus\u00ed shodnout\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany a vl\u00e1dy. Pr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu se podle jednoho z\u00a0autor\u016f reformy Jo Leinena<\/a> s\u00a0touto zm\u011bnou nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b pro volby v\u00a0roce 2019. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu je tak\u00e9 nap\u0159. sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u011bku pro hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed na 16 let nebo zaveden\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161tou a p\u0159es internet.<\/p>\n

Aby mohly tyto \u00fapravy volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu reaguj\u00edc\u00ed na demokratick\u00fd deficit, pro kter\u00fd je EU kritizov\u00e1na, b\u00fdt platn\u00e9 pro nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed volby, je t\u0159eba je co nejd\u0159\u00edve projednat. Zat\u00edmco debata<\/a> v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Unie bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e klidn\u00e1, velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 bude pozorovat, kam povede v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy se euroskepticismus \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed Evropou.<\/p>\n

Schengen, Frontex a ochrana hranic<\/strong><\/p>\n

V roce 2015 se Evropsk\u00e9 unii a jej\u00edm \u010dlensk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm naplno vymstil lehkov\u00e1\u017en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke kontrole a ochran\u011b jej\u00edch vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hranic. P\u0159es St\u0159edozemn\u00ed mo\u0159e pronikly do EU bez jak\u00e9koliv kontroly \u010di usm\u011br\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f stovky tis\u00edc migrant\u016f z Afriky a Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu. It\u00e1lie a zejm\u00e9na \u0158ecko nebyly schopn\u00e9 dost\u00e1t sv\u00e9 zodpov\u011bdnosti v kontrole vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hranice schengensk\u00e9ho prostoru. Zbytek Evropsk\u00e9 unie pak selhal v poskytnut\u00ed v\u010dasn\u00e9 a dostate\u010dn\u00e9 pomoci. Pohyby velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed neregistrovan\u00fdch migrant\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Evropou jsou samy o sob\u011b bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edm rizikem, kter\u00e9 donutilo n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty k obnoven\u00ed hrani\u010dn\u00edch kontrol uvnit\u0159 schengensk\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/p>\n

Listopadov\u00e9 teroristick\u00e9 \u00fatoky v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei proveden\u00e9 francouzsk\u00fdmi islamisty ov\u0161em zasadily Schengenu dal\u0161\u00ed r\u00e1nu. Uk\u00e1zalo se toti\u017e, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv je tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby evidovaly jako teroristy, nem\u011bli pachatel\u00e9 ani p\u0159i sv\u00e9m vycestov\u00e1n\u00ed do S\u00fdrie, ani p\u0159i n\u00e1vratu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m s p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00edm hranic EU, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b spolu se zbran\u011bmi, kter\u00fdmi \u00fatoky sp\u00e1chali. S r\u016fstem obav o vlastn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost st\u00e1t\u016f pochopiteln\u011b je\u0161t\u011b zes\u00edlily hlasy volaj\u00edc\u00ed po plo\u0161n\u00e9m zaveden\u00ed hrani\u010dn\u00edch kontrol a uzav\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch hranic.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e1 unie kv\u016fli migra\u010dn\u00ed krizi a teroristick\u00e9 hrozb\u011b plynouc\u00ed z mo\u017en\u00e9ho n\u00e1vratu dal\u0161\u00edch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch bojovn\u00edk\u016f Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu do Evropy \u010del\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdzv\u011b: pokud m\u00e1 schengensk\u00fd prostor vydr\u017eet a pokud se d\u016fv\u011bra Evropan\u016f v evropskou integraci nem\u00e1 zhroutit jako dome\u010dek z karet, mus\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i Evropsk\u00e9 unie projevit ochotu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed krizi \u0159e\u0161it ambici\u00f3zn\u00edmi a radik\u00e1ln\u00edmi kroky. Ji\u017e jsme zm\u00ednili systematick\u00e9 kontroly v\u0161ech osob p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch hranice EU a jmennou evidenci cestuj\u00edc\u00edch, nicm\u00e9n\u011b maj\u00ed-li tyto projekty fungovat a m\u00e1-li b\u00fdt schengensk\u00fd prostor uh\u00e1jen v podob\u011b, v jak\u00e9 existuje nyn\u00ed, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt obnovena pevn\u00e1 kontrola vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hranic.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e1 komise v prosinci p\u0159edstavila sv\u016fj pl\u00e1n<\/a>, kter\u00fd je jak ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed, tak radik\u00e1ln\u00ed: vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 agentury pohrani\u010dn\u00ed a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ee. Ta m\u00e1 po agentu\u0159e Frontex p\u0159evz\u00edt nejen koordinaci ostrahy hranic \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty, ale, vedle dal\u0161\u00edch pravomoc\u00ed, m\u00e1 m\u00edt nov\u011b k dispozici p\u0159es 1500 vlastn\u00edch ter\u00e9nn\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 by byla schopn\u00e1 i s vybaven\u00edm samostatn\u011b nasadit do t\u0159\u00ed dn\u016f na jak\u00fdkoliv ohro\u017een\u00fd \u00fasek hranice, kde st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc nen\u00ed schopn\u00e1 \u010di ochotn\u00e1 ostrahu zajistit sama.<\/p>\n

K takov\u00e9mu nasazen\u00ed by nebyl pot\u0159eba vl\u00e1dn\u00ed souhlas, co\u017e ihned po p\u0159edstaven\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu vzbudilo odm\u00edtav\u00e9 reakce n\u011bkolika st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 pouk\u00e1zali na omezov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenity. V\u0161ichni v\u0161ak uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed pal\u010divost probl\u00e9mu efektivn\u00ed ostrahy hranic a tato ot\u00e1zka bude v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u0161esti m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, dokdy m\u00e1 b\u00fdt nalezena shoda, v\u00a0agend\u011b rozhodn\u011b velmi vysoko.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a><\/strong>Kate\u0159ina Bla\u017ekov\u00e1 <\/a><\/strong>p\u016fsob\u00ed jako<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>Extern\u00ed spolupracovnice think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u010cek\u00e1 n\u00e1s pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 zatraktivn\u011bn\u00ed a \u201epoevrop\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u201c voleb do Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu? Co p\u0159inesou radik\u00e1ln\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed k efektivn\u00ed ostraze hranic?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nEvropsk\u00e9 instituce v roce 2016: Brexit, pohrani\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e a reformy politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu EU - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/evropske-instituce-v-roce-2016-brexit-pohranicni-straz-a-reformy-politickeho-systemu-eu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Evropsk\u00e9 instituce v roce 2016: Brexit, pohrani\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e a reformy politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu EU - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u010cek\u00e1 n\u00e1s pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 zatraktivn\u011bn\u00ed a \u201epoevrop\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u201c voleb do Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu? 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