{"id":3118,"date":"2015-07-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/pet-let-reckych-reforem-zeme-nezahalela-jenze-malo-platne\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:24:50","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:24:50","slug":"pet-let-reckych-reforem-zeme-nezahalela-jenze-malo-platne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/pet-let-reckych-reforem-zeme-nezahalela-jenze-malo-platne\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bt let \u0159eck\u00fdch reforem. Zem\u011b nezah\u00e1lela, jen\u017ee \u2013 m\u00e1lo platn\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0158eck\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce i podnikatelsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed zas\u00e1hla b\u011bhem krize vlna deregulac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 po \u0158ecku po\u017eadovali v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9. I po p\u011bti letech intenzivn\u00edch reforem v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 ekonomika mezi nejsv\u00e1zan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek byl 21.7.2015 vyd\u00e1n na port\u00e1lu finmag.cz.\u00a0<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9my \u0158ecka pln\u00ed str\u00e1nky novin u\u017e p\u011bt let. Kdy\u017e se trojice instituc\u00ed (Evropsk\u00e1 komise, Evropsk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka a Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond), pozd\u011bji zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako Trojka, rozhodla v\u00a0kv\u011btnu 2010 spustit prvn\u00ed z\u00e1chrann\u00fd program pro \u0158ecko, nebylo to bez z\u00e1vazk\u016f. Trojka podm\u00ednila mnohamiliardov\u00e9 p\u016fj\u010dky \u00fasporn\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi, privatizac\u00ed a struktur\u00e1ln\u00edmi reformami. Od programu si slibovala stabilizaci ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch rozpo\u010dt\u016f a finan\u010dn\u00edho sektoru, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed konkurenceschopnosti a zm\u011bnu ekonomick\u00e9 struktury k\u00a0modelu investicemi a exportem ta\u017een\u00e9ho r\u016fstu. Reformy m\u011bly polo\u017eit z\u00e1klady prosperuj\u00edc\u00edmu \u0158ecku, kter\u00e9 by nebylo z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na pomoci Trojky a bylo by j\u00ed i ostatn\u00edm v\u011b\u0159itel\u016fm schopno spl\u00e1cet dluhy.<\/p>\n

O tom, nakolik \u00fasporn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed splnila sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010del a nakolik byla \u0161kodliv\u00e1, se vede bou\u0159liv\u00e1 debata. O tom, \u017ee byl ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd privatiza\u010dn\u00ed program, pochybuje m\u00e1lokdo. O rozsahu a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch reforem se v\u0161ak mluv\u00ed relativn\u011b m\u00e1lo a n\u011bkdy se myln\u011b sm\u011b\u0161uj\u00ed s\u00a0\u00fasporn\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi. Ne v\u0161echny struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed reformy m\u011bly p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd dopad na rozpo\u010det \u2013 a to je i p\u0159\u00edpad reforem, kter\u00fdmi se zab\u00fdv\u00e1me v\u00a0tomto textu.<\/p>\n

Nem\u00e1m ambici hodnotit, jestli konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed reformy vedly ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomiky \u010di ekonomick\u00fdch vyhl\u00eddek. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed reforma by vy\u017eadovala samostatn\u00fd text. Je ale zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 pod\u00edvat se, jestli byly tyto struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed reformy hlubok\u00e9 a transformativn\u00ed, nebo jen klouzaly po povrchu.<\/p>\n

Ne\u017e se ale pust\u00edme do anal\u00fdzy samotn\u00fdch reforem, pod\u00edvejme se, jak bylo \u0158ecko ke struktur\u00e1ln\u00edm reform\u00e1m motivov\u00e1no (pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nuceno, z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na perspektiv\u011b).<\/p>\n

Povinnosti Ath\u00e9n jsou specifikov\u00e1ny v\u00a0takzvan\u00fdch memorandech o porozum\u011bn\u00ed, ta byly obvykle\u00a0\u010dtvrtletn\u011b aktualizov\u00e1na<\/a>. V\u00a0t\u011bchto dokumentech se Trojka s\u00a0\u0159eckou vl\u00e1dou dohodla na kroc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt spln\u011bny, aby mohlo doj\u00edt k\u00a0vyplacen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stky ze z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho bal\u00ed\u010dku. Memoranda nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd seznam mlhav\u011b definovan\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f, ale soupis konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch a jasn\u011b specifikovan\u00fdch \u201edom\u00e1c\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f\u201c pro \u0159eckou vl\u00e1du, \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek stran. Dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed memorand lze tedy dob\u0159e sledovat a vyhodnocovat. Jako p\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt reformn\u00ed po\u017eadavky na trh pr\u00e1ce obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0prvn\u00edm memorandu o porozum\u011bn\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0z\u00a0kv\u011btna 2010. Ath\u00e9ny m\u011bly mimo jin\u00e9 za \u00fakol p\u0159ipravit do \u010dervna 2010 revizi kolektivn\u00edho vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0soukrom\u00e9m sektoru a b\u011bhem prosince 2010 prodlou\u017eit zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dobu pro nov\u00e9 zam\u011bstnance na jeden rok \u010di sn\u00ed\u017eit odstupn\u00e9 tak, aby bylo stejn\u00e9 pro \u201eb\u00edl\u00e9\u201c i \u201emodr\u00e9 l\u00edme\u010dky\u201c.<\/p>\n

Podnikatelsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm indik\u00e1torem kvality podnikatelsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed je \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dek\u00a0Ease of doing business<\/em><\/a>, vyd\u00e1van\u00fd Sv\u011btovou bankou. V n\u011bm je patrn\u00fd obrovsk\u00fd pokrok, kter\u00fd za sebou \u0158ecko m\u00e1. Jak vid\u00edme v\u00a0grafu n\u00ed\u017ee, p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem reforem se \u0158ekov\u00e9 nach\u00e1zeli na 109. m\u00edst\u011b. O p\u011bt let pozd\u011bji, v\u00a0posledn\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku pro rok 2015, u\u017e \u0158ecko okupuje 61. p\u0159\u00ed\u010dku. Tento pozitivn\u00ed skok v\u0161ak ztrat\u00ed na lesku v\u00a0okam\u017eiku, kdy se pod\u00edv\u00e1me, jak si nyn\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 vedou v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s evropskou osmadvac\u00edtkou. V tomto ohledu se po letech \u010dasto bolav\u00fdch reforem posunuli pouze z posledn\u00edho na 25. m\u00edsto. Mezi posledn\u00ed Maltou a \u0158eckem le\u017e\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b Kypr a Chorvatsko.<\/p>\n

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Nejlep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho pokroku podle \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky dos\u00e1hly Ath\u00e9ny v\u00a0oblasti podm\u00ednek pro zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed firem. Po\u010det nezbytn\u00fdch procedur, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk podstoupit, aby mohl za\u010d\u00edt podnikat ve sledovan\u00e9m oboru, se za posledn\u00edch p\u011bt let sn\u00ed\u017eil o dv\u011b t\u0159etiny. Po\u010det dn\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k\u00a0vy\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed povolen\u00ed klesl o t\u0159etinu, n\u00e1klady se propadly z\u00a0dvaceti procent pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edjmu na pouh\u00e1 dv\u011b procenta. Po\u017eadavek na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kapit\u00e1l byl zcela zru\u0161en. Av\u0161ak ne ve v\u0161ech ohledech se situace v\u00a0Hel\u00e9nsk\u00e9 republice zlep\u0161ila. Obrovsk\u00e9 (dokonce rostouc\u00ed) probl\u00e9my naopak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0pr\u00e1vn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed soudn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od pod\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00ed\u017enosti po vynucen\u00ed rozsudku se ve stejn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161ila z\u00a0960 pracovn\u00edch dn\u016f na 1580 (o 65 procent).<\/p>\n

Produktov\u00e9 trhy<\/h2>\n

Velmi podobn\u00fd obraz vid\u00edme i v\u00a0\u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dc\u00edch regulace produktov\u00e9ho trhu<\/a>\u00a0(trhu zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb). Mezi lety 2008 a 2013 do\u0161lo mezi 21 srovn\u00e1van\u00fdmi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty Evropsk\u00e9 unie k\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed deregulaci pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0\u0158ecku. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm grafu vid\u00edme, \u017ee i po t\u0159ech letech intenzivn\u00edch reforem m\u011blo \u0158ecko druh\u00fd nejv\u00edce regulovan\u00fd produktov\u00fd trh v\u00a0Unii, hned po Chorvatsku. Nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 liberalizace produktov\u00e9ho trhu je\u00a0podle OECD<\/a>\u00a0jedn\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d se pokles n\u00e1klad\u016f na pr\u00e1ci dostate\u010dn\u011b neprojevil v\u00a0poklesu cen. N\u00edzk\u00e1 konkurence na trhu zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb m\u011bla za n\u00e1sledek n\u00e1r\u016fst ji\u017e tak velmi vysok\u00fdch mar\u017e\u00ed prodejc\u016f.<\/p>\n

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*U Chorvatska nen\u00ed zazna\u010dena zm\u011bna, proto\u017ee nem\u00e1me data z roku 2008.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0trhem zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb byla \u010dasto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1na takzvan\u00e1 \u201euzav\u0159en\u00e1 povol\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e1 podl\u00e9hala cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b tvrd\u00fdch regulac\u00ed, je\u017e m\u011bly chr\u00e1nit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dleny p\u0159ed konkurenc\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edkladem mohou b\u00fdt pevn\u00e9 \u010di doporu\u010den\u00e9 ceny, \u00fazemn\u00ed omezen\u00ed nebo maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010dty pracuj\u00edc\u00edch v profesi. Mezi nejtvrd\u011bji regulovan\u00e1 povol\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edci, not\u00e1\u0159i, architekti a audito\u0159i. Regulace u t\u011bchto citliv\u00fdch povol\u00e1n\u00ed byla \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b uvoln\u011bna.\u00a0Podle statistik OECD<\/a>\u00a0v\u0161ak \u0158ecko st\u00e1le pat\u0159\u00ed mezi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 uplat\u0148uj\u00ed jejich nejp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed regulaci.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st deregulace zas\u00e1hla ostatn\u00ed regulovan\u00e1 povol\u00e1n\u00ed. Roku 2011 byl zaveden\u00a0nov\u00fd r\u00e1mcov\u00fd z\u00e1kon<\/a>, kter\u00fd syst\u00e9m zliberalizoval. Tento z\u00e1kon mimo jin\u00e9 plo\u0161n\u011b zru\u0161il fixn\u00ed ceny, povinn\u00e9 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed poplatky nebo po\u017eadavky na z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed licence. P\u0159es ur\u010dit\u00e9 probl\u00e9my byla reforma \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1. Kdy\u017e si ministerstvo financ\u00ed nechalo vypracovat anal\u00fdzu dopad\u016f na dvacet nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch povol\u00e1n\u00ed regulovan\u00fdch podle tohoto z\u00e1kona, zjistilo, \u017ee 74 procent omezen\u00ed bylo zru\u0161eno. Tato data bychom v\u0161ak m\u011bli interpretovat opatrn\u011b, proto\u017ee nehodnot\u00ed, jestli byly zm\u011bny skute\u010dn\u011b vl\u00e1dami implementov\u00e1ny skrze prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed p\u0159edpisy \u010di nakolik jsou opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 zbyl\u00e9 regulace.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem zbyte\u010dn\u011b p\u0159eregulovan\u00e9ho produktov\u00e9ho trhu bylo l\u00e9k\u00e1renstv\u00ed. Na specifick\u00e9 po\u017eadavky Trojky pro tento trh zareagovaly Ath\u00e9ny t\u00edm, \u017ee povolily prodej voln\u011b prodejn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou l\u00e9k\u016f i mimo l\u00e9k\u00e1rny, nahradily fixn\u00ed mar\u017ei mar\u017e\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed, zru\u0161ily pravidlo minim\u00e1ln\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi l\u00e9k\u00e1rnami nebo uvolnily restriktivn\u00ed pravidla pro zalo\u017een\u00ed nov\u00e9 l\u00e9k\u00e1rny.<\/p>\n

Trh pr\u00e1ce<\/h2>\n

U reforem trhu pr\u00e1ce je obraz pozitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Podle\u00a0indik\u00e1toru<\/a>\u00a0OECD z\u00a0roku 2013 (viz graf n\u00ed\u017ee), m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edsnost ochrany zam\u011bstnanc\u016f p\u0159ed ztr\u00e1tou zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, nen\u00ed ochrana \u0159eck\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1. To je ov\u0161em d\u016fsledkem hlubok\u00e9 deregulace trhu pr\u00e1ce. P\u011bt let p\u0159ed vyd\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto ukazatel\u016f pat\u0159il \u0159eck\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce mezi nejsv\u00e1zan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii. C\u00edl Trojky \u2013 zv\u00fd\u0161it flexibilitu pracovn\u00edho trhu \u2013 tak byl m\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b napln\u011bn.<\/p>\n

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To, \u017ee Ath\u00e9ny v\u00a0reform\u00e1ch trhu pr\u00e1ce nezah\u00e1lely, m\u016f\u017eeme dolo\u017eit i jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Z\u00a0datab\u00e1ze\u00a0LABREF<\/a>\u00a0(Labour Reforms) Evropsk\u00e9 komise vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee Ath\u00e9ny provedly mezi lety 2010 a 2014 celkem 108 reforem trhu pr\u00e1ce. To je po \u0160pan\u011blsku (113) a Belgii (112) t\u0159et\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det z\u00a0cel\u00e9 Euroz\u00f3ny. Pr\u016fm\u011br pro euroz\u00f3nu je p\u0159itom 55. Tato cifra sice nezohled\u0148uje hloubku reforem, ov\u0161em alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee reflektovat reformn\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Reformy trhu pr\u00e1ce m\u016f\u017eeme demonstrovat mimo jin\u00e9 na zm\u011bn\u011b pravidel pro kolektivn\u00ed vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lety 2010 a 2011. V\u00fdchoz\u00ed stav byl charakteristick\u00fd vysokou rigiditou a centralizac\u00ed vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch okolnost\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad nebyl povolen pokles nomin\u00e1ln\u00edch mezd. Dohody na \u00farovni odv\u011btv\u00ed \u010di oboru byly ministrem pr\u00e1ce zpravidla roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1ny i na podniky ne\u00fa\u010dastn\u00edc\u00ed se vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Mzdov\u00e9 prahy vyjednan\u00e9 na ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch nemohly b\u00fdt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pr\u00e1h domluven\u00fd na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni. Nebral se tedy ohled na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky \u010di aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav podniku. Po reform\u00e1ch do\u0161lo k\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00ed decentralizaci. Dohody na \u00farovni podniku mohou p\u0159eb\u00edt sektorov\u00e9 a oborov\u00e9 dohody, nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed platnosti dohod na ne\u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky a zam\u011bstnavatel\u00e9 maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed volnost p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed mezd zam\u011bstnanc\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem<\/h2>\n

Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na v\u00fdvoj \u0158ecka b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch p\u011bti let, m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat dva z\u00e1v\u011bry. \u0158ecko b\u011bhem krize pro\u0161lo obrovsk\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami. Podnikatelsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jak je definovan\u00e9 pro\u00a0\u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dek\u00a0Ease of doing business<\/em>, se rapidn\u011b zlep\u0161ilo. Vlna deregulace zas\u00e1hla i \u0159eck\u00fd pracovn\u00ed trh. Ath\u00e9ny rovn\u011b\u017e pat\u0159ily mezi l\u00eddry na deregulaci produktov\u00fdch trh\u016f. Paradoxn\u011b v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 ekonomika i po p\u011bti letech intenzivn\u00edch protr\u017en\u00edch reforem mezi nejsv\u00e1zan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. To odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed jak tristn\u00ed stav p\u0159ed kriz\u00ed, tak reformn\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. Pokud sly\u0161\u00edte p\u0159edstavitele Trojky tvrdit, \u017ee \u0158ecko pot\u0159ebuje dal\u0161\u00ed reformy, zat\u00edmco Ath\u00e9ny argumentuj\u00ed, \u017ee \u0158ecko provedlo reforem ji\u017e hodn\u011b, m\u016f\u017eete d\u00e1t za pravdu ob\u011bma stran\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

David Hor\u00e1k<\/strong> p\u016fsob\u00ed jako\u00a0<\/span>Spolupracovn\u00edk Analytick\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0158eck\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce i podnikatelsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed zas\u00e1hla b\u011bhem krize vlna deregulac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 po \u0158ecku po\u017eadovali v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9. I po p\u011bti letech intenzivn\u00edch reforem v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 ekonomika mezi nejsv\u00e1zan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b. \u010cl\u00e1nek byl 21.7.2015 vyd\u00e1n na port\u00e1lu finmag.cz.\u00a0 Probl\u00e9my \u0158ecka pln\u00ed str\u00e1nky novin u\u017e p\u011bt let. Kdy\u017e se trojice instituc\u00ed (Evropsk\u00e1 komise, Evropsk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[301],"class_list":["post-3118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases","tag-david-horak"],"yoast_head":"\nP\u011bt let \u0159eck\u00fdch reforem. 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