{"id":3055,"date":"2014-11-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-11-17T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/prvni-pilir-bankovni-unie-ecb-prebira-dohled\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:26:54","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:26:54","slug":"prvni-pilir-bankovni-unie-ecb-prebira-dohled","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/prvni-pilir-bankovni-unie-ecb-prebira-dohled\/","title":{"rendered":"Prvn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie: ECB p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 dohled"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00a0\u00fater\u00fd 4. listopadu startuje prvn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie, tzv. jednotn\u00fd mechanismus dohledu (Single Supervisory Mechanism \u2013 SSM). Evropsk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka bere na sv\u00e1 bedra dohled nad bankovn\u00edm sektorem euroz\u00f3ny.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sama bude hl\u00eddat 120 nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bank, kter\u00e9 dohromady p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zhruba 85\u00a0% objemu v\u0161ech bankovn\u00edch aktiv v\u00a0euroz\u00f3n\u011b. Dozor zbyl\u00fdch bank bude ponech\u00e1n\u00a0 sou\u010dasn\u00fdm n\u00e1rodn\u00edm regul\u00e1tor\u016fm v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, av\u0161ak i zde bude m\u00edt nyn\u00ed ECB pr\u00e1vo posledn\u00edho slova.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d to v\u0161echno? Finan\u010dn\u00ed krize odhalila z\u00e1sadn\u00ed nedostatky sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho nastaven\u00ed evropsk\u00e9ho bankovn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011bnov\u00e9 unie. Uk\u00e1zala, jak snadno se m\u016f\u017ee finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1kaza p\u0159el\u00e9vat z\u00a0jedn\u00e9 zem\u011b do druh\u00e9 a ve sv\u00e9m\u00a0d\u016fsledku ohro\u017eovat stabilitu spole\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011bny. Pokud nav\u00edc p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed up\u0159ednost\u0148uje ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy bez ohledu na vedlej\u0161\u00ed efekty, kter\u00e9 t\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit okoln\u00edm zem\u00edm, m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l ve v\u00fdsledku celou situaci zhor\u0161it a t\u00edm u\u0161kodit i s\u00e1m sob\u011b. Bankovn\u00ed unie by m\u011bla skrze jednotn\u00fd mechanismus dohledu zajistit pot\u0159ebn\u00fd nadhled pro efektivn\u00ed supervizi. SSM z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u0159e\u0161\u00ed situaci mor\u00e1ln\u00edho hazardu. Vzhledem k\u00a0chystan\u00fdm z\u00e1chrann\u00fdm mechanism\u016fm mohou b\u00fdt n\u00e1rodn\u00ed politici a regul\u00e1to\u0159i sv\u00e1d\u011bni k\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edstupu v\u016f\u010di kreditn\u00ed aktivit\u011b bank v\u00a0situaci, kdy dan\u00fd st\u00e1t neponese negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky v\u00a0podob\u011b n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 krize. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm v\u0161ak bylo t\u0159eba sjednotit pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 pravidla. Proto byla nejprve vytvo\u0159ena jednotn\u00e1 bankovn\u00ed regulace (Single Rulebook), jak\u00fdsi nult\u00fd pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00fdm velk\u00fdm neduhem evropsk\u00e9ho bankovnictv\u00ed je jeho p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch financ\u00edch. Banky skrze investice do st\u00e1tn\u00edch dluhopis\u016f financuj\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed rozpo\u010dty a st\u00e1ty zase v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu udr\u017een\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 stability zachra\u0148uj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 banky v\u00a0pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edch. Kdy\u017e se v\u0161ak zem\u011b zadlu\u017euje, kles\u00e1 hodnota jej\u00edch dluhopis\u016f a banky utrp\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu. Pokud je ztr\u00e1ta zna\u010dn\u00e1 a ohro\u017euje samu existenci syst\u00e9mov\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 banky, p\u0159istupuje st\u00e1t k\u00a0jej\u00ed z\u00e1chran\u011b a zadlu\u017euje se je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce. Smrt\u00edc\u00ed smy\u010dka (anglicky tzv. Doom Loop) se utahuje. Funguje to ale i opa\u010dn\u011b. Nezodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010dem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt banka, kter\u00e1 pak s sebou do propasti strhne i p\u016fvodn\u011b relativn\u011b rozumn\u011b zadlu\u017een\u00fd st\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esn\u011b pro tyto situace bude p\u0159ipraven druh\u00fd pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie, tzv. jednotn\u00fd rezolu\u010dn\u00ed mechanismus (Single Resolution Mechanism \u2013 SRM). V\u00a0podob\u011b s\u00edt\u011b prozat\u00edmn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch fond\u016f bude spu\u0161t\u011bn u\u017e od\u00a0ledna p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku. Jeho \u00fakolem je rozetnout gordick\u00fd uzel mezi bankami a st\u00e1tn\u00edmi kasami. Nap\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b u\u017e by soukrom\u00e1 banka, t\u0159eba\u017ee natolik d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, \u017ee nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ponech\u00e1na krachu (anglicky tzv. too big to fail), nem\u011bla b\u00fdt sanov\u00e1na ze st\u00e1tn\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu, ale ze spole\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho fondu. Ten bude postupn\u011b vytvo\u0159en z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f samotn\u00fdch bank. Za chybu bank\u00e9\u0159e by tak v\u00a0budoucnu nem\u011bl platit da\u0148ov\u00fd poplatn\u00edk, ale banka.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m nezodpov\u011bdn\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a jejich neblah\u00e9ho vlivu na hospoda\u0159en\u00ed bank \u0159e\u0161\u00ed krom\u011b nov\u00fdch fisk\u00e1ln\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed typu fisk\u00e1ln\u00edho kompaktu nebo bal\u00ed\u010dkov\u00fdch dodatk\u016f k Paktu stability a r\u016fstu tak\u00e9 prvn\u00ed dva pil\u00ed\u0159e bankovn\u00ed unie. Banky se nyn\u00ed mus\u00ed chovat mnohem opatrn\u011bji a disponovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi a kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi rezervami pro p\u0159\u00edpad ne\u010dekan\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. K\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to p\u0159ipravenosti provedl Evropsk\u00fd org\u00e1n pro bankovnictv\u00ed (EBA) rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 testy 123 bank a ECB test kvality aktiv (Asset Quality Review \u2013 AQR), jejich\u017e v\u00fdsledky byly zve\u0159ejn\u011bny 26. \u0159\u00edjna. Dle o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jimi nepro\u0161ly zcela v\u0161echny banky, a zat\u00edmco 12 instituc\u00ed s\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky ji\u017e implementovalo n\u00e1pravn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, dal\u0161\u00edm 13 teprve budou sestaveny pl\u00e1ny rekapitalizace. Posledn\u00edm pl\u00e1novan\u00fdm pil\u00ed\u0159em bankovn\u00ed unie pak bude jednotn\u00fd syst\u00e9m poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vklad\u016f (Single Deposit Guarantee Scheme), jeho\u017e p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podoba v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed zn\u00e1ma.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco nult\u00fd pil\u00ed\u0159, tedy jednotn\u00e1 regulace, se vztahuje na celou Evropskou unii bez v\u00fdjimek, \u010dlenstv\u00ed v\u00a0jednotn\u00e9m mechanismu dohledu je povinn\u00e9 pouze pro zem\u011b euroz\u00f3ny. Ostatn\u00ed se mohou dobrovoln\u011b p\u0159ipojit uzav\u0159en\u00edm dohody o \u00fazk\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci. Dosud o to \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd st\u00e1t ofici\u00e1ln\u011b nepo\u017e\u00e1dal, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1jemci v\u0161ak s\u00a0ECB jednaj\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika mezi n\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed. Bankovn\u00ed sektor na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed tak i nad\u00e1le z\u016fstane (vyjma n\u011bkolika pobo\u010dek zahrani\u010dn\u00edch bank) pod dohledem \u010cesk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed banky. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee se na evropsk\u00e9 pom\u011bry t\u011b\u0161\u00ed velmi dobr\u00e9mu zdrav\u00ed a zdej\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 regulace je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za tu z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v EU, je tato pozice vcelku pochopiteln\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jednotn\u00e9ho dohledu se n\u00e1s tedy dotkne jen nep\u0159\u00edmo. Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina bank na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed je vlastn\u011bna v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi bankovn\u00edmi institucemi se s\u00eddlem v\u00a0euroz\u00f3n\u011b a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u011bchto mate\u0159sk\u00fdch bank nyn\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b pod spole\u010dn\u00fd dohled. Nap\u0159\u00edklad mate\u0159skou Erste \u010cesk\u00e9 spo\u0159itelny u\u017e od \u00fater\u00fd nekontroluje rakousk\u00fd org\u00e1n bankovn\u00edho dohledu (\u00da\u0159ad pro dohled nad finan\u010dn\u00edm trhem \u2013 FMA), ale p\u0159\u00edmo ECB. Zda n\u00e1m to poskytne n\u011bjak\u00e9 pozitivum ve form\u011b zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed dohledu nad mate\u0159sk\u00fdmi bankami v\u00a0\u010cesku p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch dce\u0159in\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, se teprve uk\u00e1\u017ee. Pokud bychom se v\u0161ak cht\u011bli na jejich dohledu pod\u00edlet p\u0159\u00edmo, st\u00e1le m\u00e1me mo\u017enost se k SSM p\u0159ipojit a z\u00edskat k\u0159eslo v\u00a0Rad\u011b dohledu (Supervisory Board). P\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161ku st\u00e1\u010d\u00ed podat 5 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f p\u0159edem.<\/p>\n

Koment\u00e1\u0159 vy\u0161el v ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fdden\u00edku Respekt dne 10. 11. 2014<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Pavla B\u0159\u00edzov\u00e1<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>je analyti\u010dkou think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jan Famfule<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>je mana\u017eerem Analytick\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00a0\u00fater\u00fd 4. listopadu startuje prvn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie, tzv. jednotn\u00fd mechanismus dohledu (Single Supervisory Mechanism \u2013 SSM). Evropsk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka bere na sv\u00e1 bedra dohled nad bankovn\u00edm sektorem euroz\u00f3ny.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nPrvn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie: ECB p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 dohled - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/prvni-pilir-bankovni-unie-ecb-prebira-dohled\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prvn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie: ECB p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 dohled - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V\u00a0\u00fater\u00fd 4. listopadu startuje prvn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 bankovn\u00ed unie, tzv. jednotn\u00fd mechanismus dohledu (Single Supervisory Mechanism \u2013 SSM). 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