{"id":3029,"date":"2014-07-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-07-18T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/jak-je-to-se-zahalovanim-muslimek-v-evropskych-zemich\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:20:04","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:20:04","slug":"jak-je-to-se-zahalovanim-muslimek-v-evropskych-zemich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/jak-je-to-se-zahalovanim-muslimek-v-evropskych-zemich\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak je to se zahalov\u00e1n\u00edm muslimek v evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dervence se Evropsk\u00fd soud pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k ot\u00e1zce z\u00e1kazu zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159e na ve\u0159ejnosti ve Francii. V rozhodnut\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpadu S.A.S. proti Francii soud podpo\u0159il francouzsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon z roku 2010, kter\u00fd sankcionuje zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje nik\u00e1bem, ale tak\u00e9 nap\u0159. helmou \u010di ly\u017ea\u0159skou maskou.<\/p>\n

Jako d\u016fvod pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1kona byla uvedena ot\u00e1zka identifikace osoby, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jak bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed riziko, tak p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku v\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed interakci. Z\u00e1kon se t\u00fdk\u00e1 v\u0161ech ob\u010dan\u016f Francie bez ohledu na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed a ten, kdo z\u00e1kaz poru\u0161\u00ed, bude potrest\u00e1n pokutou 150 Euro (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4 000 K\u010d) anebo nutnost\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastnit se kurzu ob\u010danstv\u00ed. Tento z\u00e1kon nem\u00e1 vliv na no\u0161en\u00ed takov\u00fdch pokr\u00fdvek hlavy, kter\u00e9 nezakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed obli\u010dej \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad hid\u017e\u00e1b nebo \u010d\u00e1dor.<\/p>\n

Francie ale nen\u00ed jedin\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1kaz zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje uz\u00e1konila. Obdobn\u00fd z\u00e1kon p\u0159ijala tak\u00e9 Belgie, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ijala z\u00e1kon p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejnou dobu jako Francie. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti debata, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159edstupn\u011bm dal\u0161\u00edch legislativn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku a v\u00a0It\u00e1lii byly podobn\u00e9 z\u00e1kazy p\u0159edstaveny na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni ve form\u011b legislativn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f n\u011bkolika m\u011bst. V\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch maj\u00ed pravomoc stanovit si pravidla obl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 instituce, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o \u0161koly. Rozhodnut\u00ed ESLP, \u017ee francouzsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon neodporuje lidsk\u00fdm pr\u00e1v\u016fm, nicm\u00e9n\u011b znovu podn\u00edtil diskusi v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 o podobn\u00e9m z\u00e1kazu v\u00a0minulosti uva\u017eovaly.<\/p>\n

\u010clensk\u00e9 zem\u011b EU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed evropskou zem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 uz\u00e1konila z\u00e1kaz zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje na ve\u0159ejnosti, byla Francie<\/strong>. U\u010dinila tak prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm z\u00e1kona \u010d. 1192 z\u00a0roku 2010, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed nam\u00ed\u0159en specificky proti zp\u016fsobu, kter\u00fdm se zahaluj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 muslimsk\u00e9 \u017eeny, ale obecn\u011b stanov\u00ed<\/a>, \u017ee \u201eNikdo nesm\u00ed nosit na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostranstv\u00ed od\u011bv slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje\u201c<\/em>. V\u00fdjimku maj\u00ed ti, kte\u0159\u00ed si obli\u010dej zakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona, ze zdravotn\u00edch a profesn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f, nebo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci sportovn\u00ed \u010di um\u011bleck\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Krom\u011b sankce zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0pokuty a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 150 Eur anebo povinnosti \u00fa\u010dastnit se semin\u00e1\u0159e ob\u010danstv\u00ed, stanovil tento z\u00e1kon i sankci pro toho, kdo by jin\u00e9ho p\u0159inutil n\u00e1sil\u00edm nebo n\u00e1tlakem zahalovat si obli\u010dej z\u00a0d\u016fvodu jeho pohlav\u00ed. Tento trest je ji\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jedn\u00e1 se o mo\u017enost trestu odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody a\u017e na 1 rok a pokutu dosahuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e 30 tis\u00edc Eur (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 tis\u00edc K\u010d). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by ob\u011bt\u00ed tohoto trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu byla nezletil\u00e1 osoba, tak se trest d\u00e1 nav\u00fd\u0161it a\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b.<\/p>\n

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Ve Francii si obli\u010dej zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze okolo 2 000 \u017een. Foto zdroj: bbc.co.uk<\/em><\/p>\n

Ve Francii \u017eije v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 milion\u016f Muslim\u016f<\/a>, tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00edch necel\u00fdch 8 % francouzsk\u00e9 populace, ale podle odhad\u016f pouze okolo 2 000 \u017een nos\u00ed od\u011bv zakr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed obli\u010dej. Za prvn\u00ed p\u016flrok \u00fa\u010dinnosti z\u00e1kona bylo podle francouzsk\u00e9ho Ministerstva vnitra pokutov\u00e1no 425 \u017een a 66 jich bylo varov\u00e1no<\/a>. Ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, od roku 2004, platil ve Francii z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd zakazoval n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 symboly, v\u010detn\u011b zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed hlavy, ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed p\u0159ijet\u00edm tohoto z\u00e1kona ale Francie \u0159e\u0161ila p\u0159\u00edpad dvou muslimsk\u00fdch studentek, kter\u00e9 byly vylou\u010deny z\u00a0hodin t\u011blesn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy pot\u00e9, co odm\u00edtly sundat si \u0161\u00e1tky. Rozhodnut\u00ed francouzsk\u00fdch soud\u016f, kter\u00e9 potvrdily vylou\u010den\u00ed d\u00edvek, bylo podpo\u0159eno i Evropsk\u00fdm soudem pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va v\u00a0rozhodnut\u00ed Dogru vs. Francie.<\/p>\n

Zem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1sledovala Francii a kr\u00e1tce po francouzsk\u00e9m z\u00e1konu p\u0159ijala obdobn\u00fd z\u00e1kon, byla Belgie<\/strong>. Muslimsk\u00e1 populace je zde v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve Francii \u2013 dosahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 650 tis\u00edc, ale v\u00a0pom\u011brn\u00e9m vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 o 6 % celkov\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Z\u00e1kaz<\/a>, \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd od 23. \u010dervence 2011<\/a>, se li\u0161\u00ed od sv\u00e9ho francouzsk\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce sankci, ale je velmi podobn\u00fd ve sv\u00e9m rozsahu. Stanov\u00ed, \u017ee ten, kdo na ve\u0159ejnosti zakryje svou tv\u00e1\u0159 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b nebo kompletn\u011b, tak, \u017ee nebude rozeznateln\u00fd, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pokutov\u00e1n a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 137,5 Euro (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3\u00a0700 K\u010d) nebo b\u00fdt podroben trestu odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody a\u017e na 7 dn\u00ed. I v\u00a0belgick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b maj\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou ti, kte\u0159\u00ed si tv\u00e1\u0159 zakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1kona nebo jakou sou\u010d\u00e1st slavnostn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e p\u0159ed p\u0159ijet\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona, byl z\u00e1kaz zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje na ve\u0159ejnosti p\u0159ijat na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni. Nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u011bsto Brusel pokutovalo v\u00a0roce 2009 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 30 \u017een<\/a> za no\u0161en\u00ed burky na ve\u0159ejnosti. Celkov\u011b se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Belgii je okolo 270 \u017een<\/a>, na kter\u00e9 by se z\u00e1kaz vztahoval. Uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 d\u016fvody pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1kona byly bezpe\u010dnost, podpora pr\u00e1v \u017een a ob\u010dansk\u00e9 sou\u017eit\u00ed. Jak francouzsk\u00fd, tak belgick\u00fd z\u00e1kon byl shled\u00e1n v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi \u00fastavami.<\/p>\n

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Modr\u00e9 sloupe\u010dky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed procento populace proti z\u00e1kazu no\u0161en\u00ed od\u011bv\u016f zakr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed cel\u00fd obli\u010dej v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zem\u00edch. Zdroj: Pew Research<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nizozemsko<\/strong> v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd podobn\u00fd z\u00e1kon nep\u0159ijalo, i kdy\u017e v\u00a0minulosti byla snaha p\u0159edlo\u017eit z\u00e1kaz zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje i zde. Z\u00a0necel\u00e9 milionov\u00e9 muslimsk\u00e9 populace, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5,5 % obyvatelstva, nos\u00ed od\u011bv zahaluj\u00edc\u00ed obli\u010dej pouze okolo 300 muslimek. V\u00a0roce 2012 byl z\u00e1kon p\u0159edlo\u017een, ale vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed byl smeten ze stolu po p\u00e1du pravicov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a n\u00e1stupu opozi\u010dn\u00ed levicov\u00e9 koalice.<\/p>\n

Zem\u011b, kde je debata o zak\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b viditeln\u00e1, je Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie<\/strong>. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b neexistuje v\u00a0Brit\u00e1nii \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd by zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed upravoval, ale \u0161koly maj\u00ed mo\u017enost nastavit si vlastn\u00ed pravidla obl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed. Nigel Farage, leader strany UKIP, kter\u00e1 byla nej\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0britsk\u00fdch stran ve volb\u00e1ch do Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu, stoj\u00ed proti z\u00e1voj\u016fm. Krom\u011b t\u00e9to strany si z\u00e1kon zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje p\u0159eje pouze n\u011bkolik jednotliv\u00fdch poslanc\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ani ve \u0160pan\u011blsku <\/strong>nen\u00ed v\u00a0platnosti \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd by tuto ot\u00e1zku \u0159e\u0161il. P\u0159esto byl z\u00e1kaz zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje p\u0159ijat v\u00a0n\u011bkolika m\u011bstech v\u00a0oblasti Katal\u00e1nska, v\u010detn\u011b Barcelony. Zat\u00edmco v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f a m\u011bst se jedn\u00e1 o z\u00e1kaz jak\u00e9hokoliv zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy i ly\u017ea\u0159sk\u00fdmi maskami nebo helmami, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mal\u00e9ho katal\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Lleida, byl v\u00a0textu pr\u00e1vn\u00edho p\u0159edpisu zm\u00edn\u011bn p\u0159\u00edmo i z\u00e1voj. V\u00a0roce 2013 zru\u0161il \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud<\/a> tento pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpis pro jeho rozpor se svobodou n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt omezena pouze na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni. Zat\u00edmco Muslimov\u00e9 v\u00a0cel\u00e9m \u0160pan\u011blsku tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze 2, 3 % obyvatelstva, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Katal\u00e1nsk\u00e1 se jedn\u00e1 o 6 % a v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u011bst<\/a> dokonce 40 %.<\/p>\n

I v\u00a0It\u00e1lii <\/strong>se k\u00a0podobn\u00e9mu postupu uch\u00fdlilo n\u011bkolik m\u011bst, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ijali lok\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje. N\u011bkter\u00e1 z\u00a0nich pou\u017eili v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd postup, kdy se z\u00e1kaz dot\u00fdk\u00e1 jak\u00e9hokoliv zakryt\u00ed, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e1 m\u011bsta zm\u00ednila p\u0159\u00edmo burky a nik\u00e1by. It\u00e1lie m\u00e1 podobn\u00fd po\u010det Muslim\u016f jako \u0160pan\u011blsko \u2013 jej\u00edch 1,5 milion\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2,5 % populace. V\u00a0roce 2011 byl p\u0159edstaven n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona<\/a>, kter\u00fd by zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje zakazoval, ale nebyl dosud p\u0159ijat.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1nsko <\/strong>se po rozhodnut\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9ho soudu pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va vrac\u00ed k\u00a0debat\u011b o zak\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed burky a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed politici se cht\u011bj\u00ed vydat po francouzsk\u00e9 cest\u011b<\/a> zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed obecn\u011b zahalen\u00fd obli\u010dej. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti plat\u00ed pouze omezen\u00ed pro soudce nosit n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 symboly, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i Muslimek zahaluj\u00edc\u00edch si vlasy. D\u00e1nsk\u00e1 muslimsk\u00e1 men\u0161ina je v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, 230 tis\u00edc, tvo\u0159\u00ed ale v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 % obyvatelstva. Podle studie z\u00a0roku 2010 nosily v\u00a0D\u00e1nsku burku pouh\u00e9 3 \u017eeny a nik\u00e1b obl\u00e9kalo mezi 150 a 200 Muslimek<\/a>. I Norsko <\/strong>pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u010dek\u00e1 nov\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona zakazuj\u00edc\u00edho zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed takov\u00fd pokus nepro\u0161el parlamentem v\u00a0roce 2013 i kv\u016fli obav\u011b, \u017ee by ho ESLP prohl\u00e1sil za odporuj\u00edc\u00ed lidsk\u00fdm pr\u00e1v\u016fm<\/a>. Nen\u00ed ale jist\u00e9, jestli by nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon na\u0161el dostate\u010dnou podporu<\/a> v\u00a0parlamentu. \u0160v\u00e9dsko<\/strong> v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dnou legislativu upravuj\u00edc\u00ed zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed a vedouc\u00ed politici z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch politick\u00fdch stran se v\u00a0minulosti vyj\u00e1d\u0159ili proti z\u00e1kazu<\/a> no\u0161en\u00ed burky na ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/p>\n

Nikoliv na federativn\u00ed, ale na spolkov\u00e9 \u00farovni \u0159e\u0161\u00ed tuto ot\u00e1zku N\u011bmecko<\/strong>. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd spolkov\u00fd st\u00e1t sice zat\u00edm nep\u0159ijal z\u00e1kon zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje na ve\u0159ejnosti, ale n\u011bkolik st\u00e1t\u016f omezilo mo\u017enost nosit burku v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zam\u011bstnanky\u0148 \u0161kol a st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad byl v\u00a0roce 2011 ve spolkov\u00e9m stat\u011b Hesse a v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti omezuje no\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1voj\u016f mezi u\u010diteli polovina n\u011bmeck\u00fdch spolkov\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Muslimsk\u00e1 populace v Evrop\u011b – interaktivn\u00ed infografika ZDE<\/a><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u010clensk\u00fdm st\u00e1tem s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm procentem Muslimu je ale Bulharsko.<\/strong> Na rozd\u00edl od Francie \u010di Belgie netvo\u0159\u00ed ale v\u011bt\u0161inu bulharsk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci ze Severn\u00ed Afriky \u010di Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, ale Muslimov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se na \u00fazem\u00ed Bulharska dostali ji\u017e d\u00e1vno v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. A\u010dkoliv i Bulharsko \u0159e\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zku \u0161\u00e1tk\u016f zakr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch vlasy ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, burky a nik\u00e1by nep\u016fsob\u00ed probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Kandid\u00e1tsk\u00e9 zem\u011b a dal\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch zem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed obyvatelstvo hl\u00e1s\u00edc\u00ed se k\u00a0isl\u00e1mu men\u0161inu a jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o p\u0159ist\u011bhovalce, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0dan\u00e9 zem\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed po jednu \u010di dv\u011b generace, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0kandid\u00e1tsk\u00fdch, \u010di potenci\u00e1ln\u011b kandid\u00e1tsk\u00fdch balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jsou v\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9 situaci. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Turecka tvo\u0159\u00ed muslimsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 100 %<\/a>, v\u00a0Kosovu tak\u00e9 p\u0159esahuj\u00ed 90 %, v\u00a0Alb\u00e1nii<\/a> se jedn\u00e1 o v\u00edce ne\u017e 55\u00a0% a v\u00a0Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b o 40\u00a0%, co\u017e ale znamen\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou skupinu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Situace t\u011bchto zem\u00ed je tedy zcela jin\u00e1 ne\u017e situace sou\u010dasn\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Turecka<\/strong> by se dalo hovo\u0159it t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o opa\u010dn\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji. Vzhledem k\u00a0sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed historii st\u00e1tu bylo nejen zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje, ale jak\u00e9koliv zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed vlas\u016f u \u017een, zak\u00e1z\u00e1no v\u00a0prostor\u00e1ch \u0161kol, univerzit a st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadu Leyla Sahin proti Turecku podpo\u0159il Evropsk\u00fd soud pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va tento z\u00e1kon a stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech uk\u00e1zal svoji pro-sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed orientaci. Vzhledem ke vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edmu vlivu pro-isl\u00e1msky zalo\u017een\u00fdch stran do\u0161lo v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech ke snaze zru\u0161it tento z\u00e1kaz a dovolit zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed vlas\u016f na univerzit\u00e1ch. V\u00a0roce 2008 zru\u0161il tureck\u00fd \u00dastavn\u00ed soud<\/a> z\u00e1kon navrhuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b tuto zm\u011bnu, ale v\u00a0roce 2011 bylo nejprve dovoleno zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed na univerzit\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0roce 2013 pak pro zam\u011bstnankyn\u011b st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed, s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou arm\u00e1dy, policie a justice. Zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159e je nicm\u00e9n\u011b st\u00e1le zak\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017eeny nej\u010dast\u011bji nos\u00ed hid\u017e\u00e1b, kter\u00fd zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze vlasy a krk.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee je muslimsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo v\u00a0Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b<\/strong> po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozici. Vlasy si zahaluje jen mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u017een p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b p\u0159i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ob\u0159adech a zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje se zde t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytuje. Ostatn\u011b hid\u017e\u00e1b byl zak\u00e1zan\u00fd na \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie. Na p\u0159\u00edtomnost omezen\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017een se zahalen\u00fdmi vlasy ukazuje i pozornost\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edho i mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho tisku zvolen\u00ed \u017eeny nos\u00edc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b hid\u017e\u00e1b jako starostky mal\u00e9ho bosensk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta v\u00a0roce 2012.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0Alb\u00e1nii<\/strong> bylo n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed z\u00a0dob komunismu tvrd\u011b potla\u010dov\u00e1no i zak\u00e1z\u00e1no, teprve v\u00a090. letech bylo praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed znovu povoleno. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti je v\u00a0Alb\u00e1nii uz\u00e1kon\u011bna svoboda n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v \u00dastav\u011b<\/a> a n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u017eeny si vlasy zahaluj\u00ed. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1kon<\/a> upravuj\u00edc\u00ed no\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch symbol\u016f nebo oble\u010den\u00ed na ve\u0159ejnosti a hid\u017e\u00e1b byl povolen i pro fotografie na ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u016fkazech a pasech. I p\u0159esto, \u017ee Alb\u00e1nie je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 toleranci a spolu\u017eit\u00ed, tak se ani j\u00ed nevyhnul probl\u00e9m no\u0161en\u00ed \u0161\u00e1tk\u016f na \u0161kol\u00e1ch. V\u00a0souladu s\u00a0pravomoc\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edch \u0159editel\u016f stanovit standardy od\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, do\u0161lo v minulosti k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm vylou\u010den\u00ed studentek nos\u00edc\u00edch \u0161\u00e1tek z\u00a0v\u00fduky.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b muslimsk\u00e9m Kosovu <\/strong>vyvolal velk\u00e9 protesty z\u00e1kaz no\u0161en\u00ed \u0161\u00e1tk\u016f z\u00a0roku 2010<\/a> ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, kter\u00fd vy\u00fastil i ve vylou\u010den\u00ed d\u00edvek ze \u0161koln\u00ed v\u00fduky. Makedonie <\/strong>ani Montenegro <\/strong>nep\u0159ijali \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b t\u011bchto zem\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 pouze o ot\u00e1zku no\u0161en\u00ed hid\u017e\u00e1b\u016f, kter\u00e9 nezakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed obli\u010dej. Zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje nen\u00ed v\u00a0balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch b\u011b\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"valachova\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Autorka S\u00e1ra Valachov\u00e1 p\u016fsob\u00ed jako juniorn\u00ed analyti\u010dka think-tanku Evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dervence se Evropsk\u00fd soud pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k ot\u00e1zce z\u00e1kazu zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159e na ve\u0159ejnosti ve Francii. V rozhodnut\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpadu S.A.S. proti Francii soud podpo\u0159il francouzsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon z roku 2010, kter\u00fd sankcionuje zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010deje nik\u00e1bem, ale tak\u00e9 nap\u0159. helmou \u010di ly\u017ea\u0159skou maskou.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[461],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3029","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nJak je to se zahalov\u00e1n\u00edm muslimek v evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch? - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/jak-je-to-se-zahalovanim-muslimek-v-evropskych-zemich\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jak je to se zahalov\u00e1n\u00edm muslimek v evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch? - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dervence se Evropsk\u00fd soud pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k ot\u00e1zce z\u00e1kazu zahalov\u00e1n\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159e na ve\u0159ejnosti ve Francii. 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