{"id":6503,"date":"2021-01-20T18:31:58","date_gmt":"2021-01-20T16:31:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/?page_id=6503"},"modified":"2021-12-16T12:34:30","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T10:34:30","slug":"o-metode","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/fungovani-ceskych-dezinformacnich-webu\/o-metode\/","title":{"rendered":"O metod\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abychom mohli metody dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b a sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00e9 platformy tohoto typu spr\u00e1vn\u011b identifikovat, je nutn\u00e9 nejprve vyjasnit pojmy, se kter\u00fdmi budeme pracovat. Stovky politik\u016f, novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f a analytik\u016f u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pojem \u201edezinformace\u201c. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci politick\u00e9 a odborn\u00e9 komunity nicm\u00e9n\u011b neexistuje jednotn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 definice a existuj\u00ed tak stovky mo\u017en\u00fdch interpretac\u00ed toho, co si pod \u201edezinformac\u00ed\u201c lze p\u0159edstavit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ies.be\/node\/3612\">Ben Nimmo<\/a> dezinformaci <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24128313\">ozna\u010duje<\/a> za \u201e<em>informaci, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1<\/em>\u201c, a d\u00e1v\u00e1 ji do kontrastu s\u00a0\u201emisinformac\u00ed\u201c, kterou popisuje jako \u201e<em>informaci, kter\u00e1 je nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1 omylem<\/em>.\u201c Identifikuje tak dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 komponenty dezinformace:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Klamn\u00e1 informace<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1m\u011br uv\u00e9st n\u011bkoho v\u00a0omyl<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Don Fallis pracuje se stejn\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm konceptem a <a href=\"https:\/\/ischools.org\/images\/iConferences\/fallis_disinfo1.pdf\">roz\u0161i\u0159uje jej<\/a> o\u00a0popis samotn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti dezinformov\u00e1n\u00ed. Uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee informace nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt klamn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo a je mo\u017en\u00e9 ji \u0161\u00ed\u0159it mnoha zp\u016fsoby, nap\u0159\u00edklad upraven\u00fdmi fotografiemi nebo odposlouch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm. Podle Fallise dezinformujeme pouze a jen, pokud \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edme informaci, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159edv\u00edd\u00e1me, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edjemce pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z\u00a0jej\u00edho obsahu opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b vyvod\u00ed n\u011bco, co je nepravdiv\u00e9 jak podle n\u00e1s, tak i ve skute\u010dnosti. Pokra\u010duje pak s\u00a0definic\u00ed dezinformace jednodu\u0161e jako \u201e<em>informace \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 n\u011bk\u00fdm, kdo dezinformuje.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pozd\u011bji na tyto definice <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ideals.illinois.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/2142\/47258\/278_ready.pdf?sequence=2\">navazuje<\/a> s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee \u201e<em>dezinformace je klamn\u00e1 informace, jej\u00ed\u017e funkc\u00ed je uv\u00e9st n\u011bkoho v\u00a0omyl.<\/em>\u201c Krit\u00e9rium z\u00e1m\u011bru je tak zam\u011bn\u011bno za krit\u00e9rium funkce. Podle t\u00e9to definice m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dezinformace \u0161\u00ed\u0159ena tak\u00e9 lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed v\u00a0\u00famyslu uv\u00e9st n\u011bkoho v\u00a0omyl, ale kte\u0159\u00ed \u201e<em>z uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0omyl systematicky t\u011b\u017e\u00ed<\/em>.\u201c To se obvykle vztahuje na autory a \u0161i\u0159itele konspira\u010dn\u00edch teori\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Identifikaci \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed jako\u017eto \u010dinnosti se v\u011bnovala tak\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2015\/571339\/EPRS_BRI(2015)571339_EN.pdf\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 slu\u017eba Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu<\/a>, kter\u00e1 se soust\u0159edila zejm\u00e9na na odpov\u011bdnost mluv\u010d\u00edho. Podle jednoho z\u00a0jejich informa\u010dn\u00edch sd\u011blen\u00ed \u201e<em>ti, kte\u0159\u00ed hovo\u0159\u00ed z\u00a0pozice autority, maj\u00ed povinnost zajistit:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>aby ka\u017ed\u00e9 konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed skute\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 u\u010din\u00ed, bylo ov\u011b\u0159eno, a aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna jeho spr\u00e1vnost;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>aby jejich reportov\u00e1n\u00ed zajistilo vhodnou rovnov\u00e1hu v\u00a0u\u017eit\u00ed koment\u00e1tor\u016f;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>a aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bryhodnosti citovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00e1 n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm oblastem mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bnov\u00e1na dostate\u010dn\u00e1 pozornost, jinak se mluv\u010d\u00ed dopou\u0161t\u00ed dezinformace. \u201eDostate\u010dn\u00e1 pozornost\u201c m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt flexibiln\u011b hodnocena za pomoci prvk\u016f, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupnost spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 informace nebo n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 opraven\u00ed misinformace. Tyto povinnosti jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nejen pro m\u00e9dia, ale i pro politiky a osobnosti ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, aby se vyhnuli \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed. Jejich zodpov\u011bdnost\u00ed je tak\u00e9 kontrolovat, zda jsou informace, kter\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed a cituj\u00ed, dostate\u010dn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lying-definition\/\">James Mahon<\/a> se pojmu \u201edezinformace\u201c zcela vyh\u00fdb\u00e1, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ale jasnou typologii sm\u011br\u016f v\u011bnuj\u00edc\u00edch se definici lhan\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed Mahonova kategorie, tzv. \u201edecepcionist\u00e9\u201c, pova\u017euj\u00ed pro lhan\u00ed za nezbytn\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br uv\u00e9st n\u011bkoho v\u00a0omyl. Nespr\u00e1vnost informace a z\u00e1m\u011br uv\u00e9st v\u00a0omyl jsou jedin\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky \u201eprost\u00fdch decepcionist\u016f\u201c, zat\u00edmco \u201ekomplexn\u00ed decepcionist\u00e9\u201c p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed nutnost \u201e<em>u\u017e\u00edvat prost\u0159edky naru\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry<\/em>\u201c a \u201emor\u00e1ln\u00ed decepcionist\u00e9\u201c tak\u00e9 \u201e<em>naru\u0161en\u00ed n\u011b\u010d\u00edho mor\u00e1ln\u00edho pr\u00e1va nebo mor\u00e1ln\u00ed provin\u011bn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di n\u011bkomu.<\/em>\u201c Z\u00e1m\u011br klamat ov\u0161em nen\u00ed nezbytn\u00fd pro \u201enon-decepcionisty\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed bu\u010f pova\u017euj\u00ed klamnost informace za dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed (\u201eprost\u00ed non-decepcionist\u00e9\u201c), nebo pro ozna\u010den\u00ed za le\u017e vy\u017eaduj\u00ed spln\u011bn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch podm\u00ednek (\u201ekomplexn\u00ed non-decepcionist\u00e9\u201c), jako nap\u0159\u00edklad ospravedl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed pravdy. Tyto kategorie pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed dezinformace podobn\u011b \u00a0jako misinformace, jejich\u017e p\u0159idan\u00e1 hodnota pro n\u00e1s ov\u0161em spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0tom, \u017ee osv\u011btluj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 formy a jak je mo\u017en\u00e9 je vn\u00edmat. Podm\u00ednky, mezi n\u011b\u017e \u0159ad\u00edme \u201emor\u00e1ln\u00ed provin\u011bn\u00ed\u201c nebo \u201eospravedl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed pravdy\u201c, jsou \u010dasto spl\u0148ov\u00e1ny zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi koment\u00e1\u0159i, kter\u00e9 se neprezentuj\u00ed jako zpr\u00e1vy samy o sob\u011b, ale jsou zalo\u017eeny na nepravdiv\u00fdch skute\u010dnostech. \u010casto zahrnuj\u00ed bezd\u016fvodn\u00e9 a extr\u00e9mistick\u00e9 domn\u011bnky nebo postoje v\u016f\u010di konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm osob\u00e1m \u010di skupin\u00e1m osob.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b se v\u011bnuj\u00ed konceptu integrity informace na internetov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch. Dle jejich v\u00fdzkumu \u201e<em>je kompletn\u00ed informace takov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 precizn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 a vys\u00edl\u00e1 sign\u00e1ly, spr\u00e1vn\u011b interpretuje data a z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b aplikuje poznatky s\u00a0c\u00edlem vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m<\/em>.\u201c Integrita informace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pot\u00e9 naru\u0161ena na \u00farovni integrity dat, co\u017e se kvalifikuje jako technick\u00e1 chyba a \u00fast\u00ed misinformaci, \u010di na \u00farovni integrity v\u00fdznamu, co\u017e se kvalifikuje jako s\u00e9mantick\u00e1 chyba a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1kladem pro dezinformaci. Kone\u010dn\u011b tak\u00e9 na \u00farovni rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, je\u017e se kvalifikuje jako soci\u00e1ln\u00ed chyba, jin\u00fdmi slovy \u201e<em>chyba v\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed a u\u017eit\u00ed informace.<\/em>\u201c Podle autor\u016f je \u201e<em>zp\u016fsoben\u00ed chyb ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m chov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem a z\u00e1m\u011brem dezinformace.<\/em>\u201c Tento z\u00e1v\u011br velmi p\u0159esn\u011b shrnuje, jak mohou mno\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se m\u00e9dia a kvazi-m\u00e9dia se zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm a vadn\u00fdm obsahem p\u016fsobit na spole\u010dnost, pokud jim nen\u00ed v\u011bnov\u00e1na adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed pozornost\u00a0akademick\u00e9, nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed a politick\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry za \u00fa\u010delem jejich \u00fasil\u00ed naru\u0161it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">S\u00a0p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k\u00a0tomuto p\u0159ehledu ji\u017e vypracovan\u00fdch teori\u00ed dezinformace jsme se rozhodli pracovat s\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi krit\u00e9rii pro-kremelsk\u00e9 dezinformace:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Nepravdivost informace<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Obsah \u010dl\u00e1nku ve v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 realit\u011b. Vynech\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti kontextu, neposkytuje d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e9 zdroje informac\u00ed nebo nap\u0159\u00edklad prezentuje extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pohled na objektivn\u00ed skute\u010dnost.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1m\u011br uv\u00e9st n\u011bkoho v\u00a0omyl<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Do hlavy \u0161i\u0159itel\u016fm dezinformac\u00ed nikdo nevid\u00ed, tud\u00ed\u017e jsme se rozhodli vyu\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vzorec. Pokud text prokazateln\u011b obsahuje nepravdivou informaci, jej\u00ed \u0161i\u0159itel je na to upozorn\u011bn, a jestli se i p\u0159esto neuch\u00fdl\u00ed k oprav\u011b, je na m\u00edst\u011b usoudit, \u017ee dezinformace byla z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e1. Le\u017e nelze vn\u00edmat jako alternativn\u00ed n\u00e1zor.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd nebo nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd c\u00edl textu podpo\u0159it politiku Rusk\u00e9 federace<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Poselstv\u00edm dan\u00e9ho textu je obvykle sd\u011blit \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i, \u017ee mainstreamov\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 instituce z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f jsou \u0161patn\u00e9, zat\u00edmco Rusk\u00e1 federace stoj\u00ed bu\u010f v\u00a0opozici jako ta spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni, co do mor\u00e1lnosti vlastn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost reflexe postoje Kremlu. \u010cl\u00e1nek obvykle zapad\u00e1 do sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho kremelsk\u00e9ho narativu, nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 instituce a jejich p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed migra\u010dn\u00ed krizi a tud\u00ed\u017e by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zpochybn\u011bna jejich legitimita.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Takto definovan\u00e1 dezinformace byla hlavn\u00edm krit\u00e9riem pro za\u0159azen\u00ed dan\u00fdch webov\u00fdch server\u016f do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho seznamu. Ten byl vytvo\u0159en mimo jin\u00e9 jako jeden z\u00a0prvn\u00edch krok\u016f sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch k\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u00e9mu zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed prvk\u016f informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lky a zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak se proti dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampani br\u00e1nit. Je \u00fakolem akademick\u00e9 i neziskov\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry, aby se t\u00e9to oblasti v\u011bnovala, a dok\u00e1zala tak ve\u0159ejnosti nab\u00eddnout n\u00e1stroje, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00fdch by mohla informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lce odol\u00e1vat a z\u00edsk\u00e1vat objektivn\u00ed a nezaujat\u00e9 informace.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tento p\u0159ehled je \u010dist\u011b indikativn\u00ed a m\u00e1 slou\u017eit jako vstupn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro dal\u0161\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Nejde o \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd seznam zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, c\u00edlem na\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnosti v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nen\u00ed cenzura. Na velmi podobn\u00e9 b\u00e1zi a s podobn\u00fdmi, i detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, v\u00fdstupy funguje slovensk\u00fd projekt Konspiratori.sk. V tomto p\u0159ehledu lze nal\u00e9zt i projekty, kter\u00e9 nejsou \u010dast\u011b dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e lze v jejich obsahu sledovat u\u017eit\u00ed manipulativn\u00edch technik, co\u017e celkov\u011b sni\u017euje d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost jimi p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch informac\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abychom mohli metody dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b a sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00e9 platformy tohoto typu spr\u00e1vn\u011b identifikovat, je nutn\u00e9 nejprve vyjasnit pojmy, se kter\u00fdmi budeme pracovat. Stovky politik\u016f, novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f a analytik\u016f u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pojem \u201edezinformace\u201c. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci politick\u00e9 a odborn\u00e9 komunity nicm\u00e9n\u011b neexistuje jednotn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 definice a existuj\u00ed tak stovky mo\u017en\u00fdch interpretac\u00ed toho, co si pod \u201edezinformac\u00ed\u201c lze p\u0159edstavit. Ben Nimmo dezinformaci [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15647,"parent":6485,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6503","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>O metod\u011b - European Values Center for Security Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/europeanvalues.cz\/cs\/fungovani-ceskych-dezinformacnich-webu\/o-metode\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O metod\u011b - European Values Center for Security Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Abychom mohli metody dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b a sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00e9 platformy tohoto typu spr\u00e1vn\u011b identifikovat, je nutn\u00e9 nejprve vyjasnit pojmy, se kter\u00fdmi budeme pracovat. Stovky politik\u016f, novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f a analytik\u016f u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pojem \u201edezinformace\u201c. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci politick\u00e9 a odborn\u00e9 komunity nicm\u00e9n\u011b neexistuje jednotn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 definice a existuj\u00ed tak stovky mo\u017en\u00fdch interpretac\u00ed toho, co si pod \u201edezinformac\u00ed\u201c lze p\u0159edstavit. 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